Peter of Spain : Language in Dispute : An English translation of Peter of Spain's 'Tractatus' called afterwards SUMMULAE LOGICALES, based on the critical edition by L.M. de Rijk

According to Fr. Bocheński's [*History of Formal Logic*](https://archive.org/details/historyofformall00boch) ** (p. 149), Peter of Spain ([Pope John XXI](http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peter-spain/#1))'s work summarized the "creative age" in the history of logic (late 13th cen.). The third treatise, "De prædicamentis" (PDF pp. 65-77), is a commentary on Aristotle's *Categories*. SIHOLS 39 LANGUAGE IN DISPUTE: THE SUMMULAE LOGICALES 1 Editorial page 2 Title page 3 Copyright page 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 FOREWORD 6 Table of Contents 7 INTRODUCTION 17 PETER OF SPAIN'S SUMMULAE, THE MODISTAE, AND LINGUISTICS 17 SUPPOSITION and SIGNIFICATION 18 THE 'SCIENTIFIC' STATUS OF HISPANUS' SUMMULAE 25 LEVELS AT WHICH WORD-SENSES RELATE TO COMPARABLE REFERENTS 31 SENSE, REFERENCE, AND MODIFICATIONSENSENSE 32 REFERENCE 33 MODIFICATION 34 INTUITIVE CLASSIFICATION 37 References 39 TRACT I ON INTRODUCTORY NOTIONS 41 On Dialectic 41 On Sound 41 On Vocal Expression (Vox) 42 On the Noun (Nomen) 42 On the Verb (Verbum) 42 On the Word-Group (Oratio) 43 On the Proposition 43 On the Categoric Proposition and its triple division 44 On the Triple Matter of Categorics 47 On their Equipollences 47 On Triple Conversion 48 On the Hypothetic Proposition and its Division 48 On the Truth of Hypothetics 49 On Mode 51 On Modal Propositions 51 On their Opposition 54 TRACT II ON PREDICABLES 57 On Predicable 57 On Genus 57 On Species 58 On Difference 61 On Peculiarity (Proprium) 61 On Accident 62 On Commonalities and Differences of Predicables 63 On Predication 64 On Denominatives 64 TRACT III ON PREDICAMENTS 65 On some prefatory notions 65 On Substance 67 On Commonalities and Peculiarities of Substance 68 On Quantity 70 On Commonalities of Quantity 70 On compared- to - Another (Relation) 70 On Commonalities of Relation 71 On Quality 72 On Properties of Quality 73 On Passion (To undergo : pati) 74 On four-fold Opposition 74 On Prior 75 On Together 75 On Change (Motus) 76 On Possession (Habere) 76 TRACT IV ON SYLLOGISMS 78 On the Proposition 78 On the Syllogism 78 On Mood and Figure 79 On universal Rules 79 On the First Figure 80 On its Moods 81 On the Second Figure 82 On its Moods 83 On Reduction through the Impossible 84 On the Third Figure 84 On some Rules 86 On unusable Connexities (conjugatio) 88 TRACT V ON TOPICS 89 On the multiple ambiguity of Ratio 89 On Argument and Argumentation 89 On the Species of Argumentation 90 On Topic in General 91 ON INTRINSIC TOPICS 92 On the Topic from Substance 92 On the Topic from Definition 92 On the Topic from Description 94 On the Topic from Nominal Interpretation 94 On the Topic from Concomitants of Substance 95 On the Topic from Whole 95 On the Topic from Universal Whole or Genus 95 On the Topic from Species or Subjective Part 96 On the Topic from an Integral Whole 96 On the Topic from a Whole in Quantity 97 On the Topic from a Whole in Mode 98 On the Topic from a Whole in Place 98 On the Topic from a Whole in Time 98 On the Topic from Cause 99 On the Topic from Generation 101 On the Topic from Corruption 101 On the Topic from Uses 101 On the Topic from Things Commonly Co-occurring 102 ON EXTRINSIC TOPICS 102 On the Topic from Opposites 102 On the Topic from Things Relatively Opposed 103 On the Topic from Contraries 103 On the Topic from Privative Opposites 103 On the Topic from Things Contradictorily Opposed 104 On the Topic from the Greater and on the Topic from the Lesser 104 On the Topic from Like 105 On the Topic from Proportion 105 On the Topic from Transfer 105 On the Topic from Authority 106 ON MEDIATE TOPICS 106 On the Topic from Conjugates 107 On the Topic from Derivates (casibus) 107 On the Topic from Division 107 TRACT VI ON SUPPOSITIONS 109 On Signification 109 On Supposition and Copulation 109 On the Division of Supposition 110 Doubts 112 Solution 114 TRACT VII ON FALLACIES 116 INTRODUCTION 116 On the Definition of Disputation 116 On the Division of Disputation 117 On Sophistical Disputation and its Ends 119 On the thirteen Fallacies 121 ON LINGUISTIC FALLACIES 121 ON EQUIVOCATION 123 On the Definition of Fallacy 123 On the Definition of Equivocation 123 On the Division of Equivocation 124 On the First Species 124 On the Second Species 125 On the Third Species 127 ON AMPHIBOLY 130 On the Definition of Amphiboly 130 On the first species 130 On the second species 131 On the third species 131 On Modes Common to Equivocation and Amphiboly 132 Doubts 134 ON COMPOSITION AND DIVISION 138 On Potential Polysemy 138 Objections 139 On Composition 140 On Causes of this Fallacy 142 On its modes 144 On the first mode 144 On the second mode 146 On Division 147 On the first Mode 147 On the second Mode 148 ON ACCENT 149 On the Definition of Accent 149 On Causes and Modes of the Fallacy of Accent 149 On the first Mode 149 On the second Mode 150 Doubts 151 ON WORD FIGURE 153 On Mode of Signifying in a Word (dictio) 153 On Figure 155 On Word-figure 155 On Causes and Modes of Word-figure 156 On the first Mode 157 On the second Mode 160 On the third Mode 162 ON EXTRALINGUISTIC FALLACIES 166 ON ACCIDENT 166 On Causes and Modes of Accident 168 On the first Mode 170 On the second Mode 172 On the third Mode 173 ON THE FALLACY AFTER - A - FASHION AND SIMPLY 177 On the Definition of these Terms 177 On Causes and Modes of this Fallacy 177 On the first Mode 178 On the second Mode 178 On the third Mode 179 On the fourth Mode 179 On the fifth Mode 179 ON IGNORING REFUTING EVIDENCE 181 On Refutation 181 On Ignorance 182 On Ignorantia Elenchi 183 On the Causes and Modes of this Fallacy 183 On the first Mode 184 On the second Mode 184 On the third Mode 184 On the fourth Mode 184 ON ASSUMING THE POINT AT ISSUE 186 On its Definition 186 On Causes and Modes of this Fallacy 186 On the first Mode 187 On the second Mode 187 On the third Mode 187 On the fourth Mode 188 On the fifth Mode 188 ON THE FALLACY OF CONSEQUENT 189 On Consequence 189 On Causes and Modes of this Fallacy 190 On the first Mode 190 On the second Mode 191 On the third Mode 191 ON THE FALLACY OF NON-CAUSE AS CAUSE 193 On two kinds of Syllogism 193 On the Fallacy of Non-cause as Cause 194 On the Causes of this Fallacy 194 ON THE FALLACY OF MANY QUESTIONS AS ONE 196 On Statement, Proposotin, Interrogation and Conclusion 196 On the Causes and Modes of this Fallacy 198 On the first Mode 198 On the second Mode 198 ON REDUCTION OF ALL FALLACIES 199 On two kinds of Ignoring the Point at Issue 199 On generic Reduction 200 On specific Reduction 201 TRACT VIII ON RELATIVES 204 Ontwo kinds of Relative 204 On Substantive Relatives 204 On Identical Relatives 204 Questions 205 Doubts 206 On Relatives of Diversity 207 On a rule about a Relative of Diversity 208 On a rule about a Relative of Identity given by predecessors 208 Objections 209 On a certain rule about a Relative of Identity 210 On Relatives of Accident 210 On division of a Relative of Accident 210 On Relatives of Accidental Identity 211 On the words (diction) such , so great, so many, as often, so often 211 TRACT IX ON EXTENSIONS 212 On Personal Supposition 212 On Restriction and Extension 212 On the Division of Extension 212 A Sophism 213 On two Rules 213 TRACT X ON APPELLATIONS 215 On the Definition of Appellation 215 On the Division of Appellation 215 On the Appellation of a Common Term 215 TRACT XI ON RESTRICTIONS 217 On the definition of Restriction 217 On the Division of Restriction 217 On Restriction effected by a Noun 217 On a rule about a Restricted Term 218 On another rule about Restriction 218 On two rules about Restriction effected by a Restrictive Relative Clause (implicatio) 219 On some rules about Restriction effected by a Verb 220 A Sophism 221 Question 222 On Restriction effected by Usage 224 On Restriction effected by a verb's Transitivity 224 TRACT XII ON DISTRIBUTIONS 225 On the Definition of Distribution 225 On Universal Markers 225 On markers distributive of Substance 225 On the marker 'every' 226 What it may signify 226 Whether it demands three Appellates 227 On a rule about what was discussed 229 On its Refutation 230 A Sophism 231 Another Sophism 231 On a certain rule 232 Another Sophism 232 On the marker'not a (one)' (nullus) What it may signify 233 On a Rule 233 A Sophism 233 On the marker 'nothing' (nichil) What it may signify 234 A Sophism 234 Some other Sophisms 235 On markers distributive of Two 236 A Sophism 236 Another Sophism 237 Whether Negation has ability to distribute 238 On Distribution of an Aptitude 239 On Accomodated Distribution 239 On the marker '(the) whole (of)' (totus) 239 A Sophism 240 On markers distributive of Quality 241 A Sophism 241 On the word (dictio) 'twice' 243 On the nominal 'infinite' (infinitum) 243 A Sophism 244 INDEX OF REFERENCES 246 INDEX OF WORDS AND THINGS 248 INDEX OF SOPHISMS AND EXAMPLES 301 This volume presents an English translation of Petrus Hispanus Portugalensis (d. 1277) Tractatus called afterwards Summulae Logicales on the basis of the critical edition established by L. M. de Rijk (1972). The Summulae s first part (I-V) introduces Aristotelian ideas familiar enough at the time to be called Old Logic; the second (VI-XII) studies properties of terms, then considered novelties of Modern Logic. The two most important properties of terms were Supposition (meaning-as-reference) and Signification (meaning-as-sense). Among the questions raised were how senses and referents are related. Classifications recorded by Hispanus became part of Western traditional education. His Summulae was widely required as a text for generations, and later texts borrowed, amended, rejected or extended parts of it. The Summulae is also worth evaluating in the light of debate about the scientific status of Linguistics. Hispanus claimed Dialectic was a study prerequisite to all others, because it shows how to test their fundamental assumptions. Norms he proposed for this rigorous interpretation of language are public, refutable, and countable, all characteristics claimed for science. This book is a translation of Petrus Hispanus' 13th century text. Hispanus was a contemporary of linguistic theorists called 'Modistae' after 12th to 14th century writings entitled De Modis Significandi. Their concerns involved differences between the way things are in themselves, how we understand them, and how grammatical conventions require us to communicate about them