PET/CT in Oesophageal and Gastric Cancer (Clinicians’ Guides to Radionuclide Hybrid Imaging)

This book is a pocket guide to the science and practice of PET/CT imaging of esophageal and gastric malignancies. The scientific principles of PET/CT, the radiopharmaceuticals used in this context, the role of PET/CT, the characteristic PET/CT findings, and limitations and pitfalls are all clearly described. In addition, information is provided on epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging, pathology, management, and radiological imaging. The book is published within the Springer series Clinicians' Guides to Hybrid Imaging , which is aimed at referring clinicians, nuclear medicine/radiology physicians, radiographers/technologists, and nurses who routinely work in nuclear medicine and participate in multidisciplinary meetings. Compiled under the auspices of the British Nuclear Medicine Society, the series is the joint work of many colleagues and professionals worldwide who share a common vision and purpose in promoting and supporting nuclear medicine as an important imaging specialty for the diagnosis and management of oncological and non-oncological conditions. Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Contents Contributors 1: Introduction and Epidemiology 1.1 Epidemiology 1.2 Clinical Presentation/Signs and Symptoms 1.3 Diagnosis 1.4 Staging Investigations 1.4.1 Endoscopic Ultrasound 1.4.2 Multidetector CT 1.4.3 PET/CT 1.4.4 Other 1.5 Staging Classification References 2: Pathology of Oesophageal Cancer and Gastric Cancer 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Oesophageal Cancer 2.2.1 Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) 2.2.2 Adenocarcinoma 2.3 Gastric Carcinoma 2.4 Adenocarcinomas of the Gastro-oesophageal Junction (GOJ) References 3: Management of Oesophageal and Gastric Cancers 3.1 Oesophageal Cancer 3.2 Oesophageal Cancer Treatment 3.2.1 Curative 3.2.2 Palliative Therapies 3.3 Gastric Cancer 3.4 Gastric Cancer Treatment 3.4.1 Chemotherapy 3.4.1.1 Palliative Chemotherapy 3.4.2 Biological Agents References 4: Radiological Imaging in Oesophageal and Gastric Cancers 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Diagnosis and Staging 4.2.1 T Stage 4.2.2 N Stage 4.2.3 M Stage 4.3 Response Assessment 4.4 Radiotherapy Planning Conclusion References 5: Basic Principles of PET-CT Imaging 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 5.3 PET Scanning 5.4 Imaging with [Fluorine-18]FDG PET 5.5 Artefacts References 6: 18F-FDG and Non-FDG PET Radiopharmaceuticals 6.1 Introduction 6.2 PET Radiopharmaceuticals 6.2.1 18F-FDG 6.2.2 Non-FDG Radiopharmaceuticals Conclusion References 7: PET/CT Imaging: Patient Instructions and Preparation 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Patient Preparation 7.3 Timing of FDG PET Scan After Treatment References 8: 18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging: Normal Variants, Pitfalls and Artefacts 8.1 Introduction Conclusions References 9: FDG-PET/CT in Oesophageal and Gastric Cancer 9.1 Indications for PET/CT 9.2 Staging of Oesophageal Cancer 9.2.1 T-Stage Evaluation 9.2.2 N-Stage Evaluation 9.2.3 M-Stage Evaluation 9.3 Treatment Response in Oesophageal Cancer 9.4 Gastric Cancer 9.5 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GIST) 9.6 Radiotherapy Planning References 10: Oesophageal and Gastric Malignancy: Pictorial Atlas 10.1 Case 1: Extensive Primary Oesophageal Tumour with Local and Distant Nodal Disease as Well as Distant Metastases 10.2 Case 2: PET-CT and PET-MR Imaging of Extensive Oesophageal Primary Tumour but No Evidence of Nodal or Distant Metastatic Disease 10.3 Case 3: Primary Oesophageal Tumour with Locoregional Nodal Involvement 10.4 Case 4: Oesophageal Tumour with Low-Grade Metabolic Activity 10.5 Case 5: Small Primary Oesophageal Tumour with Incidental Uptake in the Sigmoid Colon 10.6 Case 6: Oesophageal Cancer with Widespread Metastases 10.7 Case 7: Oesophageal Cancer with Locoregional (N) and Distant Nodal (M) Disease 10.8 Case 8: Oesophageal Cancer with Extensive Nodal Disease and Vocal Cord Palsy 10.9 Case 9: Upstaging Disease by Detecting Distant Bony Metastases 10.10 Case 10: Unknown Liver Metastases in Addition to Extensive Nodal Disease 10.11 Case 11: Locally Invasive Oesophageal Malignancy with Tracheo-Oesophageal Fistula Formation 10.12 Case 12: Bony Metastases with Suspicion of Invasion into Spinal Canal 10.13 Case 13: Neck Nodes with Histologically Proven Squamous Cell Carcinoma But Unknown Primary 10.14 Case 14: Treatment Response 10.15 Case 15: Treatment Response 10.16 Case 16: Treatment Response 10.17 Case 17: Surveillance Imaging 10.18 Case 18: Surveillance Imaging 10.19 Case 19: Signet Ring Cell Gastric Cancer 10.20 Case 20: Gastric Adenocarcinoma Appendix 1: Regional Lymph Node Stations for Staging Esophageal Cancer Index Annotation This is a pocket guide to the science and practice of PET/CT imaging of esophageal and gastric malignancies. The scientific principles of PET/CT, the radiopharmaceuticals used in this context, the role of PET/CT, the characteristic PET/CT findings, and limitations and pitfalls are all clearly described. In addition, information is provided on epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging, pathology, management, and radiological imaging