Pesticides in the Atmosphere: Distribution, Trends, and Governing Factors (Pesticides in the Hydrologic System)

Most people know about the presence and health effects of pesticide residues in the water they drink. However, they may not realize the impact of atmospheric transportation and deposition of pesticides on water quality. Scientific studies of pesticides in various atmospheric matrices (air, rain, snow, aerosols, and fog) provide some of the answers. Pesticides in the Atmosphere focuses on the review and interpretation of direct measurements of pesticides in the environment. An exhaustive compilation, the book examines hundreds of studies in detailed tabular listings, with accompanying maps that include such features as spatial and temporal domain studies, target analytes, detection limits, and compounds detected. Working with the foundation of forty years of scientific studies, the editors synthesize this research to characterize the common threads and main conclusions. They use this information to identify where we need to improve our understanding of pesticides in the atmosphere and their significance to water quality. Pesticides in the Atmosphere serves as a resource, text, and reference to a wide spectrum of scientists, water managers, and students. It includes extensive compilations of references, interpretive analyses and conclusions. For those not familiar with the atmospheric transportation and deposition of pesticides it provides a comprehensive introduction. Features Pesticides in the Atmosphere Distribution, Trends, and Governing Factors......Page 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE SERIES......Page 3 PREFACE......Page 5 EDITOR'S NOTE......Page 6 CONTENTS......Page 7 FIGURES......Page 9 LIST OF TABLES......Page 11 CONVERSION FACTORS......Page 12 ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS......Page 13 ABSTRACT......Page 14 CHAPTER 1: Introduction......Page 15 Table of Contents......Page 0 1.3 APPROACH......Page 17 2.1 GENERAL DESIGN FEATURES......Page 22 2.3 MATRICES......Page 30 2.4 TARGET ANALYTES......Page 31 2.5 ANALYTICAL DETECTION LIMITS......Page 32 3.1 PESTICIDES DETECTED......Page 88 3.3 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION TO USE......Page 91 ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES......Page 99 ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES......Page 110 TRlAZlNE AND ACETANlLlDE HERBICIDES......Page 113 OTHER HERBICIDES......Page 119 SUMMARY......Page 123 APPLICATION PROCESSES......Page 126 Formulations......Page 127 Spray-Cloud Processes......Page 128 POST-APPLICATION PROCESSES......Page 129 Tillage Practices......Page 132 LOCAL TRANSPORT......Page 133 REGIONAL AND LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT......Page 134 4.3 REMOVAL PROCESSES......Page 135 DRY DEPOSITION......Page 137 WET DEPOSITION......Page 140 CHEMICAL REACTIONS......Page 141 5.1 SEASONAL AND LOCAL USE PAlTERNS......Page 142 5.2 EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES......Page 147 5.3 URBAN AREAS......Page 150 5.4 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF LOCAL, REGIONAL, ANDLONG-RANGE TRANSPORT......Page 151 5.5 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE......Page 154 6.1 INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES......Page 156 6.2 PHASE DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSFORMATION REACTIONS......Page 158 6.3 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF WET AND DRY DEPOSITION......Page 162 6.4 SAMPLING METHOD EFFECTS ON APPARENT PHASE DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 163 7.1 CONTRIBUTION TO SURFACE- AND GROUND-WATER......Page 166 7.2 HUMAN HEALTH AND AQUATIC LIFE......Page 168 CHAPTER 8: Summary and Conclusions......Page 173 GLOSSARY OF COMMON AND CHEMICAL NAMES OF PESTICIDES......Page 177 REFERENCES......Page 183 About 1.1 billion pounds of pesticides currently are used each year in the United States to control many different types of weeds, insects, and other pests in a wide variety of agricultural and nonagricultural settings as shown in Figure 1.1 (Aspelin and others, 1992; Aspelin, 1994). This exhaustive collection examines hundreds of studies of pesticide measurement in detailed tabular listings. The accompanying maps list spatial and temporal domain, target analytes, detection limits, and detected compounds.