Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature, 4th Edition

Using a novel organizational framework, one that emphasizes domains of knowledge about human nature, this trusted text presents the field of contemporary personality psychology as a collection of interrelated topics and themes. The emphasis, as always, is on the scientific basis of understanding human nature. The fourth edition continues to answer the needs of instructors by covering topics that do not fit into the framework of theory-based texts. It features updates on cutting edge trends in personality psychology in relation to culture, gender, evolution, genetics, emotion, self, health psychology, and personality disorders, while providing a solid foundation in the more traditional areas of trait psychology, psychoanalysis, and cognitive and social approaches to personality. Presented in a colorful and accessible format, the provides exercises, personality questionnaires, "Closer Look" boxes, current news boxes, and many charts, graphs, and photos to engage students in the material. Title Contents 1 Introduction Introduction to Personality Psychology Personality Defined Personality Is the Set of Psychological Traits And Mechanisms Within the Individual That Are Organized and Relatively Enduring And That Influence His or Her Interactions With And Adaptations to The Environment Three Levels of Personality Analysis Human Nature Individual and Group Differences Individual Uniqueness A Fissure in the Field Grand Theories of Personality Contemporary Research in Personality Six Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature Dispositional Domain Biological Domain Intrapsychic Domain Cognitive-Experiential Domain Social and Cultural Domain Adjustment Domain The Role of Personality Theory Standards for Evaluating Personality Theories Is There a Grand Ultimate and True Theory of Personality? Key Terms 2 Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design Sources of Personality Data Self-Report Data (S-Data) Observer-Report Data (O-Data) Test-Data (T-Data) Life-Outcome Data (L-Data) Issues in Personality Assessment Evaluation of Personality Measures Reliability Response Sets Validity Generalizability Research Designs in Personality Experimental Methods Correlational Studies Case Studies When to Use Experimental, Correlational, and Case Study Designs SUMMARY A N D E VA L UAT I O N K E Y T E R M S PART I The Dispositional Domain Chapter 3 Traits and Trait Taxonomies What Is a Trait? Two Basic Formulations Traits as Internal Causal Properties Traits as Purely Descriptive Summaries The Act Frequency Formulation of Traits—An Illustration of the Descriptive Summary Formulation Act Frequency Research Program Evaluation of the Act Frequency Formulation Identification of the Most Important Traits Lexical Approach Statistical Approach Theoretical Approach Evaluating the Approaches for Identifying Important Traits Taxonomies of Personality Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model of Personality Cattell’s Taxonomy: The 16 Personality Factor System Circumplex Taxonomies of Personality Five-Factor Model SUMMARY A N D E VA L UAT I O N K E Y T E R M S 4 Theoretical and Measurement Issues in Trait Psychology Theoretical Issues Meaningful Differences Between Individuals Consistency Over Time Consistency Across Situations Person-Situation Interaction Aggregation Measurement Issues Carelessness Faking on Questionnaires Beware of Barnum Statements in Personality Test Interpretations Personality and Prediction Applications of Personality Testing in the Workplace Legal Issues in Personality Testing in Employment Settings Personnel Selection—Choosing the Right Person for the Job Selection in Business Settings—The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Selection in Business Settings—The Hogan Personality Inventory SUMMARY A N D E VA L UAT I O N K E Y T E R M S 5 Personality Dispositions Over Time: Stability, Coherence, and Change Conceptual Issues: Personality Development, Stability, Coherence, and Change What Is Personality Development? Rank Order Stability Mean Level Stability Personality Coherence Personality Change Three Levels of Analysis Population Level Group Differences Level Individual Differences Level Personality Stability Over Time Stability of Temperament During Infancy Stability During Childhood Rank Order Stability in Adulthood Mean Level Stability in Adulthood Personality Change Changes in Self-Esteem From Adolescence to Adulthood Autonomy, Dominance, Leadership, and Ambition Sensation Seeking Femininity Independence and Traditional Roles Personality Changes Across Cohorts: Assertiveness and Narcissism Personality Coherence Over Time: Prediction of Socially Relevant Outcomes Marital Stability, Marital Satisfaction, and Divorce Alcoholism and Emotional Disturbance Religiousness and Spirituality Education, Academic Achievement, and Dropping Out Health and Longevity Predicting Personality Change SUMMARY A N D E VA L UAT I O N K E Y T E R M S PART II The Biological Domain Chapter 6 Genetics and Personality The Human Genome Controversy About Genes and Personality Goals of Behavioral Genetics What Is Heritability? Misconceptions About Heritability Nature-Nurture Debate Clarified Behavioral Genetic Methods Selective Breeding—Studies of Humans’ Best Friend Family Studies Twin Studies Adoption Studies Major Findings From Behavioral Genetic Research Personality Traits Attitudes and Preferences Drinking and Smoking Marriage Shared Versus Nonshared Environmental Influences: A Riddle Genes and the Environment Genotype-Environment Interaction Genotype-Environment Correlation Molecular Genetics Behavioral Genetics, Science, Politics, and Values SUMMARY A N D E VA L UAT I O N K E Y T E R M S 7 Physiological Approaches to Personality A Physiological Approach to Personality Physiological Measures Commonly Used in Personality Research Electrodermal Activity (Skin Conductance) Cardiovascular Activity Brain Activity Other Measures Physiologically Based Theories of Personality Extraversion–Introversion Sensitivity to Reward and Punishment Sensation Seeking Neurotransmitters and Personality Morningness–Eveningness Brain Asymmetry and Affective Style SUMMARY A N D E VA L UAT I O N K E Y T E R M S 8 Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality Evolution and Natural Selection Natural Selection Sexual Selection Genes and Inclusive Fitness Products of the Evolutionary Process Evolutionary Psychology Premises of Evolutionary Psychology Empirical Testing of Evolutionary Hypotheses Human Nature Need to Belong Helping and Altruism Universal Emotions Sex Differences Sex Differences in Aggression Sex Differences in Jealousy Sex Differences in Desire for Sexual Variety Sex Differences in Mate Preferences Individual Differences Environmental Triggers of Individual Differences Heritable Individual Differences Contingent on Other Traits Frequency-Dependent Strategic Individual Differences The Big Five Motivation, and Evolutionarily Relevant Adaptive Problems Limitations of Evolutionary Psychology SUMMARY A N D E VA L UAT I O N K E Y T E R M S PART III Intrapsychic Domain 9 Psychoanalytic Approaches to Personality Sigmund Freud: A Brief Biography Fundamental Assumptions of Psychoanalytic Theory Basic Instincts: Sex and Aggression Unconscious Motivation: Sometimes We Don’t Know Why We Do What We Do Psychic Determinism: Nothing Happens by Chance Structure of Personality Id: Reservoir of Psychic Energy Ego: Executive of Personality Superego: Upholder of Societal Values and Ideals Interaction of the Id, Ego, and Superego Dynamics of Personality Types of Anxiety Defense Mechanisms Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development Personality and Psychoanalysis Techniques for Revealing the Unconscious The Process of Psychoanalysis Why Is Psychoanalysis Important? Evaluation of Freud’s Contributions SUMMARY A N D E VA L UAT I O N K E Y T E R M S 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary Issues The Neo-Analytic Movement Repression and Contemporary Research on Memory Contemporary Views on the Unconscious Ego Psychology Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development Karen Horney and a Feminist Interpretation of Psychoanalysis Emphasis on Self and the Notion of Narcissism Object Relations Theory Early Childhood Attachment Adult Relationships SUMMARY A N D E VA L UAT I O N K E Y T E R M S 11 Motives and Personality Basic Concepts Need Press Apperception and the TAT The Big Three Motives: Achievement, Power, and Intimacy Need for Achievement Need for Power Need for Intimacy Humanistic Tradition: The Motive to Self-Actualize Maslow’s Contributions Rogers’s Contributions SUMMARY A N D E VA L UAT I O N K E Y T E R M S PART IV Cognitive/Experiential Domain 12 Cognitive Topics in Personality Personality Revealed Through Perception Field Dependence Pain Tolerance and Sensation Reducing/Augmenting Personality Revealed Through Interpretation Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory Locus of Control Learned Helplessness Personality Revealed Through Goals Personal Projects Analysis Cognitive Social Learning Theory Intelligence SUMMARY A N D E VA L UAT I O N K E Y T E R M S 13 Emotion and Personality Issues in Emotion Research Emotional States Versus Emotional Traits Categorical Versus Dimensional Approach to Emotion Content Versus Style of Emotional Life Content of Emotional Life Style of Emotional Life Interaction of Content and Style in Emotional Life SUMMARY A N D E VA L UAT I O N K E Y T E R M S 14 Approaches to the Self Descriptive Component of the Self: Self-Concept Development of the Self-Concept Self-Schemata: Possible Selves, Ought Selves, and Undesired Selves Evaluative Component of the Self: Self-Esteem Evaluation of Oneself Research on Self-Esteem Social Component of the Self: Social Identity The Nature of Identity Identity Development Identity Crises SUMMARY A N D E VA L UAT I O N K E Y T E R M S PART V The Social and Cultural Domain Chapter 15 Personality and Social Interaction Selection Personality Characteristics Desired in a Marriage Partner Assortative Mating for Personality: The Search for the Similar Do People Get the Mates They Want? And Are They Happy? Personality and the Selective Breakup of Couples Shyness and the Selection of Risky Situations Other Personality Traits and the Selection of Situations Evocation Aggression and the Evocation of Hostility Evocation of Anger and Upset in Partners Evocation Through Expectancy Confirmation Manipulation: Social Influence Tactics A Taxonomy of Eleven Tactics of Manipulation Sex Differences in Tactics of Manipulation Personality Predictors of Tactics of Manipulation Panning Back: An Overview of Personality and Social Interaction SUMMARY A N D E VA L UAT I O N K E Y T E R M S 16 Sex, Gender, and Personality The Science and Politics of Studying Sex and Gender History of the Study of Sex Differences Calculation of Effect Size: How Large Are the Sex Differences? Minimalists and Maximalists Sex Differences in Personality Temperament in Children Five-Factor Model Basic Emotions: Frequency and Intensity Other Dimensions of Personality Masculinity, Femininity, Androgyny, and Sex Roles The Search for Androgyny Gender Stereotypes Theories of Sex Differences Socialization and Social Roles Hormonal Theories Evolutionary Psychology Theory An Integrated Theoretical Perspective SUMMARY A N D E VA L UAT I O N 51 K E Y T E R M S 51 17 Culture and Personality Cultural Violations: An Illustration What Is Cultural Personality Psychology? Three Major Approaches to Culture Evoked Culture Transmitted Culture Cultural Universals SUMMARY A N D E VA L UAT I O N K E Y T E R M S PART VI Adjustment Domain 18 Stress, Coping, Adjustment, and Health Models of the Personality-Illness Connection The Concept of Stress Stress Response Major Life Events Daily Hassles Varieties of Stress Primary and Secondary Appraisal Coping Strategies and Styles Attributional Style Optimism and Physical Well-Being Management of Emotions Disclosure Type A Personality and Cardiovascular Disease Hostility: The Lethal Component of the Type A Behavior Pattern How the Arteries Are Damaged by Hostile Type A Behavior SUMMARY A N D E VA L UAT I O N K E Y T E R M S 19 Disorders of Personality The Building Blocks of Personality Disorders The Concept of Disorder What Is Abnormal? What Is a Personality Disorder? Specific Personality Disorders The Erratic Cluster: Ways of Being Unpredictable, Violent, or Emotional The Eccentric Cluster: Ways of Being Different The Anxious Cluster: Ways of Being Nervous, Fearful, or Distressed Prevalence of Personality Disorders Gender Differences in Personality Disorders Dimensional Model of Personality Disorders Causes of Personality Disorders SUMMARY A N D E VA L UAT I O N K E Y T E R M S C O N C L U S I O N Chapter 20 Summary and Future Directions Current Status of the Field Domains of Knowledge: Where We’ve Been, Where We’re Going Dispositional Domain Biological Domain Intrapsychic Domain Cognitive/Experiential Domain Social and Cultural Domain Adjustment Domain Integration: Personality in the Twenty-First Century Glossary References Photo Credits Name Index Subject Index Using an organizational framework, one that emphasizes domains of knowledge about human nature, this text presents the field of contemporary personality psychology as a collection of interrelated topics and themes. It emphasises on the scientific basis of understanding human nature.