Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Ecosystems of the North Pacific (Earth and Environmental Sciences Library)

The book reports the results on the fate of POPs in the abiotic and biotic components of the aquatic environment North Pacific Ocean (include Russian part of North Pacific), possible health risks for coastal residents Pacific Ocean exposed to these hazardous pollutants are systematized. In particular, indicator organisms (fish, birds, and mammals), indicating the pollution of the region, were identified; the possible ways of xenobiotic transfer from the sea to the land are shown; the targets of POPs impact on living organisms were determined; the time of circulation of pollutants in the biosphere was determined; a list of “priority” toxicants for the region based on quality screening was compiled; the risks to human health from the consumption of contaminated aquatic organisms were assessed; the levels of POPs in the human body were measured. The book is interesting for specialists in the agro-industrial complex, aquaculture and medicine, teachers and graduate students of universities, researchers, which interested in the problems of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). There are no similar books on the study of POPs in the Russian part of the Pacific Ocean in the world literature. This book is useful to scientists of the world who study the fate of POPs. Preface Contents 1 The Dirty Dozen of the Stockholm Convention and Other Persistent Organic Pollutants: A Review 1.1 The Dirty Dozen of the Stockholm Convention 1.2 Organochlorine Pesticides (OCP) 1.2.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of OCPs 1.2.2 Patterns of OCP Distribution in the Environment 1.2.3 Metabolism and Degradation of OCPs 1.2.4 Toxicity of OCPs 1.3 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) 1.3.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of PCBs 1.3.2 Distribution, Metabolism, and Degradation of PCBs 1.3.3 Toxicity of PCBs 1.4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) 1.4.1 Physical and Chemical Properties 1.4.2 Sources and Transformation of PAHs in the Environment 1.4.3 Toxicity References 2 Methods to Determine Persistent Organic Pollutants in Various Components of Ecosystems in the Far Eastern Region 2.1 Preparation of Samples from Abiotic Components of Ecosystems to Determine POPs 2.2 Preparation of Samples from Aquatic Organisms for POP Determination 2.3 Preparation of Human Biological Fluid Samples for POP Determination 2.4 Preparation of Standard POP Solutions and Calibration of Equipment 2.5 Chromatographic Analysis, QA/QC, and Estimation of POP Content 2.5.1 Abiotic Components of Ecosystems 2.5.2 Biotic Components of Ecosystems and Human Biological Material References 3 Methods for Determining Total Hydrocarbons and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Various Components of Ecosystems of the Far Eastern Region 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Preparation of Samples from Abiotic Components of Ecosystems for PAH Determination 3.3 Preparation of Samples of Aquatic Organisms for Determining THCs and PAHs 3.4 Preparation of Standard THC and PAH Solutions and Calibration of Equipment 3.5 Spectral and Chromatographic Analysis, QA/QC 3.6 Conclusion References 4 Current Levels of Organochlorine Pesticides in Abiotic Components of Ecosystems in the Sea of Japan Basin and Khanka Lake 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Pollution of the Seas and Oceans by Organochlorine Compounds 4.3 Transboundary Transport 4.4 Monitoring of Surface Waters and Bottom Sediments 4.5 Physical and Geographical Characteristics of the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk 4.6 OCPs in the Northwest Pacific 4.6.1 Lake Khanka (Sea of Okhotsk Basin) 4.6.2 Sea of Japan 4.6.3 Transboundary Transport in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean References 5 Implementation of the Mussel Watch Program by Russian Scientists in the North Pacific (2000–2021) 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Bivalves as Indicators of Water Body Pollution 5.3 Mussel Watch in the Asia–Pacific Region 5.4 Current POP Level in Soft Tissues of Bivalves from Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan 5.5 Time Trends of POP Accumulation in Soft Tissues of Bivalves Exemplified by the Waters of Peter the Great Bay 5.6 Conclusion References 6 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Bottom Sediments and Fish from the Northwestern Pacific 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Influx of Pollutants into Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan 6.3 PAHs in Fish from the Sea of Okhotsk and Bering Sea 6.4 Conclusion References 7 Concentrations of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Benthic and Pelagic Fish from the Fishery Zones in the Far Eastern Seas of Russia 7.1 Pacific Salmon (Genus Oncorhynchus) 7.1.1 Intraspecific Differences in POP Accumulation Between Pacific Salmon from the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea 7.1.2 Interspecific Differences in the POP Accumulation by Pacific Salmon from the Sea of Okhotsk and Bering Sea 7.2 Flounders (Genus Hippoglossoides) 7.3 Conclusion References 8 Biotransport of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Heavy Metals by Pacific Salmon in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Biotransport of POPs in 2008–2012 8.3 Biotransport of POPs in 2018 8.4 Biotransport of Heavy Metals in 2018–2021 8.5 Conclusion References 9 Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Fish from Lake Khanka, the Sea Okhotsk Basin 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Physical and Geographical Characteristics of Lake Khanka 9.3 OCPs in Fish from Lake Khanka 9.4 Interspecific Differences in POP Accumulation in Fishes from Lake Khanka 9.5 Possible Sources of POP Entering the Waters of Lake Khanka 9.6 Comparison of POP Concentrations with Other Regions and Regulatory Documents 9.7 Conclusions References 10 Semi-aquatic Migratory Birds in the System of Persistent Organic Pollutant Monitoring (Exemplified by Avifauna of Lake Khanka, Sea of Okhotsk Basin) 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Pollution and Exposure of Birds to Organic Toxicants 10.3 Use of Migratory Birds as Bioindicators 10.4 Monitoring of POPs in Birds Exemplified by the Anatid Population of Lake Khanka 10.5 Conclusions References 11 Organochlorine Pesticides in Seabirds and Marine Mammals from the Sea of Okhotsk and Bering Sea 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Seabirds 11.3 Marine Mammals 11.3.1 Gray Whale (Eschrichtius Robustus) 11.3.2 Pacific Walrus (Odobenus Rosmarus Divergens) 11.3.3 Analysis of OCPs in the Organs of Gray Whales and Pacific Walruses 11.4 Conclusions References 12 Biotransformation of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Ecosystems of the Russian North Pacific 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Biotransformation of POPs in Organisms from the Far Eastern Seas 12.3 Biotransformation of POPs in the World 12.4 Conclusion References 13 Environmental Risks from Persistent Organic Pollutants in Marine Organisms of the Northwestern Pacific Ocean 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Technique for Calculating Environmental Health Risk 13.3 Environmental Risks to the Health of Far East Residents from POPs 13.3.1 Pacific Salmon 13.3.2 Flounder 13.3.3 Marine Mammals 13.4 Conclusions References 14 Non-target Screening Analysis of “New” Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Far Eastern Seas 14.1 Introduction 14.2 “New” POPs in the Far Eastern Seas of Russia 14.3 Conclusion References 15 Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Human Body: The Experience of Russia and the Former Soviet Republics 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Distribution and Use of POPs in Russia 15.3 Biomonitoring of POPs in Human Body 15.4 Russian Studies of POP Effects on the Human Body 15.4.1 Skin Cover (Derma) 15.4.2 Cardiovascular System 15.4.3 Nervous System 15.4.4 Immune System 15.4.5 Excretory System 15.4.6 Male Reproductive Health 15.4.7 Gastrointestinal Tract 15.4.8 Cancer Diseases 15.4.9 Female Reproductive Health and Pregnancy 15.4.10 Breast Milk 15.5 Conclusion References 16 Comparison of POP Accumulation Between Human Organs, Tissues, and Organ Systems with Focus on Sex-Related Differences: First Investigations in Russia 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Comparison of POP Accumulation Between Human Organs 16.3 Conclusion References 17 Persistent Organic Pollutants in Residents of Coastal Areas in the Russian Far East 17.1 Introduction 17.2 POPs in Blood of Far East Residents 17.3 POPs in Breast Milk of Far East Residents 17.3.1 Primorsky Krai 17.3.2 Chukotka Autonomous Okrug References Publisher Correction to: Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Ecosystems of the North Pacific Publisher Correction to: V. Tsygankov (Ed.), Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Ecosystems of the North Pacific, Earth and Environmental Sciences Library, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44896-6