Persistence and Emergencies of Inequalities in Latin America: A Multidimensional Approach (Latin American Societies)

This book adopts a multidimensional approach to analyze both the historical and emerging factors that contribute to make Latin America and the Caribbean the most unequal region in the world. Social inequality is a historical characteristic of the region, but at the beginning of the 21 st century, a handful of progressive governments seemed to be adopting policies that could reduce this historical trend. Many of these efforts, however, were blocked or reversed by the COVID-19 pandemic, which both exposed the persistence of historical trends and contributed to the emergency of new forms of inequality in the region. The different chapters in this contributed volume adopt a multidimensional, intersectional, perspective to analyze both the persistence and the emergency of social devices of production and reproduction of inequalities in the diverse Latin American and Caribbean temporal spatialities. The issues analyzed in the different chapters revolve around four main axes: a) persistence of generational and intergenerational inequalities; b) structural gender inequality; c) intertwined social inequalities: race, class and social structure and; c) historical and economic dimension of inequality. Persistence and Emergencies of Inequalities in Latin America: A Multidimensional Approach will be of interest to researchers interested in the study of social inequality and social justice in different fields of the human and social sciences, such as sociology, political science, history, economics, anthropology and education. It will also be a valuable tool for policy makers and social activists engaged in the discussion, advocacy and implementation of public policies aimed at reducing social inequalities. Persistence and Emergencies of Inequalities in Latin America A Multidimensional Approach Copyright Contents About the Authors Chapter 1: Introduction Chapters and Issues Contributions to Be Made by the Book References Part I: Persistence of Generational and Intergenerational Inequalities Chapter 2: The Third Moment of Equalization in Latin America: Lights and Shadows of the Progressive Governments at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century The Lights: The Dynamics of Equalization The Shadows: The Limits of Equalization Conclusions References Chapter 3: The Impact of the Pandemic on Latin America: Social Setbacks and Rising Inequalities Introduction Setbacks in Health Care Labor Degradation and Poverty Social Support Policies Increasingly Familiarized Care Work Rising Educational Inequalities Conclusions References Chapter 4: Past and Present of Higher Education in Latin America and Europe: The Impact of Neoliberal Modernization Introduction Educational Policy Developments in Argentina, Brazil and Chile ABC: Types of University Prestige and Rankings Neoliberal University Modernization in Europe. The Spanish Case Research on University Teacher Training Training Strategies Conclusions References Chapter 5: Types of Institutions and Youth School Experience: Dynamics of Inequality in Argentine Secondary Education Introduction Argentina in Latin America: Further from or Closer to the Southern Cone? Secondary Education in Argentina: Discussions on Segmentation and School Experience New Dynamics of Educational Inequality Some Conclusions for Further Discussions References Part II: Gender Inequalities Chapter 6: Gendered Necropolitcs: Inequalities and Femicides in Central America Femicide: The Most Extreme Form of Violence against Women Central America: A Long History of Violence and Inequality Gendered Necropolitics References Chapter 7: Care, Gender and Social Inequalities Introduction The Emergence of Care as an Object of Study Four Latin American Views on Care The Right to Care and Public Policies The Crisis of Care During the Pandemic An Agenda in Which Care for Life is at the Center References Chapter 8: Actions to Promote Gender Equality in the Context of COVID-19 Introduction Social Protection for Women and Gender Equality Social Protection Systems Gender-Sensitive and Gender Mainstreaming Gender Equality and Social Protection Policies The Mexican Case: Gender Inequalities and Gendered Effects of the Pandemic Health Labor Violence Toward Women Actions to Promote Gender Equality in Mexico Before the Pandemic Social Rights Policy Instruments Incidence in Women’s Life Changes to Social Protection Policies for Women During the Government of López Obrador Actions to Promote Gender Equality in Mexico During COVID-19 Social Rights Policy Instruments Incidence in Women’s Lives Budget Conclusions References Part III: Intertwined Social Inequalities: Race, Class and Social Structure Chapter 9: It All Happens (to Us) at Once: Youth, Precariousness and Policy in Argentina (A Multidimensional Approach to Inequality) Introduction It All Happens at Once It All Weighs on Us at Once: Precariousness and the Accumulation of Disadvantage Making It Happen for Us: Policy for Equality References Chapter 10: Racial Inequalities as a Structuring Axis of Social Inequality in Latin America and the Afro-Descendant Population Introduction The Social Inequality Matrix in Latin America, Racism and the Culture of Privilege Intersectionality and Social Inequality Matrix Approaches: A Fruitful Dialogue Visibility and Recognition of the Afro-Descendant Population in Latin America: What Progress Has Been Made? Policies to Combat Poverty and Reduce Racial Inequality Universal Policies and Affirmative Action Policies in the Field of Education The Challenge of Access to and Completion of Tertiary Education Affirmative Action Policies in the Field of Education Final Considerations References Chapter 11: The Most Unequal Region on the Planet? A Sociological Analysis of the Ideas, Evaluations and Attitudes Toward Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean Introduction: The Darker the Night, the Brighter the Stars? What We Mean by the Perception of Inequity and Demand for Equality The Most Unequal Region on the Planet? Perceptions of Inequality in LAC: A Brief History Perceptions of Inequity at the National Level Does the Feeling of Injustice Translate into Political Opposition to Inequality? Final Remarks. Toward an Approach to the Moral Economies of Inequality in LAC References Part IV: Historical and Economic Dimension of Inequalities Chapter 12: Youths and Inequalities: Persistent and Emerging Trends, and Public Policies, in the Time of the Pandemic Foreword Unequal and Diverse: An Approach to Youths from a Generational Perspective Generational Experiences of Inequality Before and After the Pandemic Territorially Situated Generational Inequalities in Times of Pandemic Youth Labor in the Context of the Pandemic: Between Unemployment and Degraded Working Conditions Educational Inequalities from a Generational Perspective, Before and During the Pandemic Listening to Youth Voices as a Way of Counteracting Generational Inequalities References Chapter 13: Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities in the Latin American Labour Market Presentation Comparative Analysis of Latin American and Caribbean Labour Markets Labour Market Segmentation in Argentina and Chile Theoretical Perspective The Contexts of Labour Markets Analysis Model and Methodology Results of the Comparative Analysis Final Remarks Appendix. KILM Variables that Characterise 28 Latin-American and Caribbean Countries References Chapter 14: The Glyphosate Consensus: Rural Poverty Management and Agribusiness in South America During the Pink Tide (1998–2016) Introduction Agribusiness Expansion and Pesticides Spread During the Pink Tide Agrarian Policy and Rural Conflicts During the Pink Tide Argentina Bolívia Uruguay Paraguay Ecuador Final Considerations References Index