Permo-Triassic Salt Provinces of Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic Margins : Tectonics and Hydrocarbon Potential

__Permo-Triassic Salt Provinces of Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic Margins: Tectonics and Hydrocarbon Potential__ deals with the evolution and tectonic significance of the Triassic evaporite rocks in the Alpine orogenic system and the Neogene basins in the Iberian Peninsula, North Africa, and the western Mediterranean. As the nature of the Triassic evaporite sequences, the varied diapiric structures they feed, and the occurrence of hydrocarbons suggest that the Triassic evaporites represent an efficient system to trap hydrocarbons, this book explores the topic with a wide swath, also devoting content to a relatively unexplored topic, the mobilization and deformation of the Triassic salt in the western and northern Tethys (from Iberia and North Africa, Pyrenees and Alps, Adriatic and Ionian) during the subsequent Alpine orogenic processes. The book includes chapters updating varied topics, like the Permian and Triassic chronostratigraphic scales, palaeogeographic reconstructions of the western Tethys since the Late Permian, the petroleum systems associated with Permo-Triassic salt, allochthonous salt tectonics, and a latest revision of salt tectonic processes in the Permian Zechstein Basin, the Atlantic Margins (from Barents Sea, Scotia, Portugal, Morocco, and Mauritania), the Alpine folded belts in Europe, and the various Triassic salt provinces in North Africa. The book is the go-to guide for salt tectonic researchers and those working in the hydrocarbon exploration industry. Content: Front Matter,Copyright,Epigraph,Dedication,In Memoriam,Contributors,Foreword,AcknowledgmentsEntitled to full textPart I: Salt Tectonics in Time and SpaceChapter 1 - Permo-Triassic Basins and Tectonics in Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic Margins: A Synthesis, Pages 3-41, J.I. Soto, J.F. Flinch, G. Tari Chapter 2 - The Permian and Triassic Chronostratigraphic Scales—Framework for Ordering Events, Pages 43-55, S.G. Lucas Chapter 3 - Late Permian-Early Jurassic Paleogeography of Western Tethys and the World, Pages 57-95, C.R. Scotese, A. Schettino Chapter 4 - An Overview of Allochthonous Salt Tectonics, Pages 97-114, M.G. Rowan Chapter 5 - The Internal Structure of the Zechstein Salt and Related Drilling Risks in the Northern Netherlands, Pages 115-128, F. Strozyk Chapter 6 - Petroleum Systems and Play Types Associated With Permo-Triassic Salt in Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic Region, Pages 129-156, G. Tari, J.F. Flinch, J.I. Soto Chapter 7 - Paleogeographic Evolution of Latest Permian and Triassic Salt Basins in Northwest Europe, Pages 159-173, T. McKie Chapter 8 - Composition, Tectonics, and Hydrocarbon Significance of Zechstein Supergroup Salt on the United Kingdom and Norwegian Continental Shelves: A Review, Pages 175-201, C.A.-L. Jackson, S.A. Stewart Chapter 9 - Structure and Evolution of the Glueckstadt Graben in Relation to the Other PostPermian Subbasins of the Central European Basin System, Pages 203-220, Y.P. Maystrenko, U. Bayer, M. Scheck-Wenderoth Chapter 10 - The Tectonic History of the Zechstein Basin in the Netherlands and Germany, Pages 221-241, F. Strozyk, L. Reuning, M. Scheck-Wenderoth, D.C. Tanner Chapter 11 - Permo-Triassic Evaporites of the Polish Basin and Their Bearing on the Tectonic Evolution and Hydrocarbon System, an Overview, Pages 243-261, P. Krzywiec, T.M. Peryt, H. Kiersnowski, P. Pomianowski, G. Czapowski, K. Kwolek Chapter 12 - Salt Tectonics of the Norwegian Barents Sea and Northeast Greenland Shelf, Pages 265-286, M.G. Rowan, S. Lindsø Chapter 13 - A Review of Mesozoic-Cenozoic Salt Tectonics Along the Scotian Margin, Eastern Canada, Pages 287-312, M.E. Deptuck, K.L. Kendell Chapter 14 - Influence of Salt Diapirism on the Basin Architecture and Hydrocarbon Prospects of the Western Iberian Margin, Pages 313-329, R. Pena dos Reis, N. Pimentel, R. Fainstein, M. Reis, B. Rasmussen Chapter 15 - Salt Tectonics Along the Atlantic Margin of NW Africa (Morocco and Mauritania), Pages 331-351, G. Tari, B. Novotny, H. Jabour, M. Hafid Chapter 16 - Salt Tectonics Within the Offshore Asturian Basin: North Iberian Margin, Pages 353-368, G. Zamora, M. Fleming, J. Gallastegui Chapter 17 - Salt and Strike-Slip Tectonics as Main Drivers in the Structural Evolution of the Basque-Cantabrian Basin, Spain, Pages 371-393, P. Cámara Chapter 18 - The Southern Pyrenees: A Salt-Based Fold-and-Thrust Belt, Pages 395-415, P. Cámara, J.F. Flinch Chapter 19 - Allochthonous Triassic and Salt Tectonic Processes in the Betic-Rif Orogenic Arc, Pages 417-446, J.F. Flinch, J.I. Soto Chapter 20 - The Role of the Triassic Evaporites Underneath the North Alpine Foreland, Pages 447-466, A. Sommaruga, J. Mosar, M. Schori, M. Gruber Chapter 21 - The Eastern Alps: Multistage Development of Extremely Deformed Evaporites, Pages 467-482, C. Leitner, C. Spötl Chapter 22 - Salt Tectonics in the Carnian Evaporite Basin of the Eastern Balkan-Forebalkan Region of Bulgaria, Pages 483-497, G. Georgiev, G. Tari Chapter 23 - The Triassic Evaporites in the Evolution of the Adriatic Basin, Pages 499-516, V. Scisciani, P. Esestime Chapter 24 - The Ionian Fold-and-Thrust Belt in Central and Southern Albania: A Petroleum Province With Triassic Evaporites, Pages 517-539, Z. Bega, J.I. Soto Chapter 25 - Styles of Salt Tectonics in Central Tunisia: An Overview, Pages 543-561, H. Troudi, G. Tari, W. Alouani, G. Cantarella Chapter 26 - Salt Tectonics in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco, Pages 563-579, J. Vergés, M. Moragas, J.D. Martín-Martín, E. Saura, E. Casciello, Ph. Razin, C. Grelaud, M. Malaval, R. Joussiame, G. Messager, I. Sharp, D.W. Hunt Chapter 27 - Development of an Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic Evaporite Basin on the Saharan Platform, North Africa, Pages 581-599, P. Turner, K. Pelz Index, Pages 601-608

Permo-Triassic Salt Provinces of Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic Margins: Tectonics and Hydrocarbon Potential deals with the evolution and tectonic significance of the Triassic evaporite rocks in the Alpine orogenic system and the Neogene basins in the Iberian Peninsula, North Africa, and the western Mediterranean. As the nature of the Triassic evaporite sequences, the varied diapiric structures they feed, and the occurrence of hydrocarbons suggest that the Triassic evaporites represent an efficient system to trap hydrocarbons, this book explores the topic with a wide swath, also devoting content to a relatively unexplored topic, the mobilization and deformation of the Triassic salt in the western and northern Tethys (from Iberia and North Africa, Pyrenees and Alps, Adriatic and Ionian) during the subsequent Alpine orogenic processes. The book includes chapters updating varied topics, like the Permian and Triassic chronostratigraphic scales, palaeogeographic reconstructions of the western Tethys since the Late Permian, the petroleum systems associated with Permo-Triassic salt, allochthonous salt tectonics, and a latest revision of salt tectonic processes in the Permian Zechstein Basin, the Atlantic Margins (from Barents Sea, Scotia, Portugal, Morocco, and Mauritania), the Alpine folded belts in Europe, and the various Triassic salt provinces in North Africa.

The book is the go-to guide for salt tectonic researchers and those working in the hydrocarbon exploration industry.

• Presents the first reference book to cover salt tectonics of Permo-Triassic period rocks
• Features case studies of passive margins like the Barents and the North Sea, Greenland, Nova Scotia, offshore Mauritania, Morocco and Iberia, and folded belts like the Betics-Rif, Tell, Pyrenees, Atlas Mountains, Alps, Balkans, Apennines, the Adriatic and Ionian Seas, and the Zechstein Basin in Norway, the UK, the Netherlands, Germany and Poland
• Integrates field observations, seismic examples, well-log data and models developed in universities with highly technical and advanced subsurface studies developed by the petroleum industry

7 Middle-Early Late Triassic Paleogeography (Ladinian and Carnian, 242-227 Ma), Fig. 14 -- 8 Earliest Jurassic Paleogeography (Hettangian and Sinemurian, 201.3-190.8 Ma), Fig. 15 -- 9 Conclusions and Summary -- Appendix 1 Annotated Bibliography -- References Cited in Table 3 -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: An Overview of Allochthonous Salt Tectonics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Fundamentals of Allochthonous Salt -- 2.1 Why Does Allochthonous Salt Form? -- 2.2 How Is Lateral Emplacement Initiated? -- 2.3 How Does Allochthonous Salt Advance? -- 2.4 What Are the Different Styles of Allochthonous Salt? -- 2.4.1 Salt Pancakes and Salt-Stock Canopies -- 2.4.2 Salt Tongues and Salt-Tongue Canopies -- 2.4.3 Source-Fed Thrusts and Salt Nappes -- 2.4.4 Salt Wings -- 2.5 How Do Sheets and Canopies Evolve? -- 2.5.1 Suprasalt Deformation -- Salt Pancakes and Salt-Stock Canopies -- Salt Tongues and Salt-Tongue Canopies -- Salt Nappes -- 2.5.2 Subsalt Deformation -- 2.6 How Are Different Styles of Allochthonous Salt Distributed? -- 3 Allochthonous Salt in the Permo-Triassic Basins -- 3.1 Intracontinental Basins -- 3.2 Passive Margins -- 3.3 Convergent-Margin Fold-and-Thrust Belts -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5: The Internal Structure of the Zechstein Salt and Related Drilling Risks in the Northern Netherlands -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geological Setting -- 3 The Internal Structure of the Zechstein -- 3.1 The Z2 and Z3 Anhydrite-Carbonate Members -- 3.2 K-Mg Salts ("Squeezing Salts") -- 4 Zechstein Drilling Issues -- 4.1 Z1-Z3 Carbonate Kicks and Losses -- 4.2 Intrasalt Brine Pockets -- 4.3 Squeezing Salts, Salt Creeps, and Washouts -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Petroleum Systems and Play Types Associated With Permo-Triassic Salt in Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic Region -- 1 Introduction 1 Introduction -- 2 Age and Distribution of the ZSG -- 3 Stratigraphic and Mechano-Stratigraphic Framework of the ZSG -- 4 Salt-Tectonic Structural Styles in the North Sea -- Triggers and Drivers -- 4.1 Extension -- 4.2 Sedimentary Differential Loading -- 4.3 Contraction -- 5 Salt-Related Faulting -- 6 Impact of ZSG on Petroleum Systems Development -- 6.1 Source -- 6.2 Reservoir -- 6.3 Seal -- 6.4 Trap -- 7 Summary -- References -- Chapter 9: Structure and Evolution of the Glueckstadt Graben in Relation to the Other PostPermian Subbasins of the Central ... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Regional Overview -- 3 Salt-Dominated Sequences of the Glueckstadt Graben -- 4 Salt Movements vs. Sedimentation Within the Glueckstadt Graben -- 5 Salt-Related Features of the Sedimentary Cover Within the Glueckstadt Graben -- 6 The Glueckstadt Graben at the Scale of the Central European Basin System -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10: The Tectonic History of the Zechstein Basin in the Netherlands and Germany -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Zechstein Deposition and the General Tectonic Setting -- 3 Zechstein Stratigraphy -- 4 The Structure of the Zechstein -- 4.1 Netherlands -- 4.2 Germany -- 5 Salt Tectonics -- 5.1 Netherlands -- 5.2 Germany -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11: Permo-Triassic Evaporites of the Polish Basin and Their Bearing on the Tectonic Evolution and Hydrocarbon Syst ... -- 1 The Permo-Mesozoic Polish Basin-An Overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Upper Rotliegend -- 1.3 Zechstein -- 1.4 Upper Triassic -- 2 Mesozoic Salt Tectonics -- 3 Petroleum System -- 3.1 Carboniferous-Rotliegend Petroleum System -- 3.2 Main Dolomite Petroleum System -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part III: Atlantic Margins -- Chapter 12: Salt Tectonics of the Norwegian Barents Sea and Northeast Greenland Shelf -- 1 Introduction 2 Postsalt Plays and Petroleum Systems -- 2.1 Offshore Mauritania -- 2.2 Offshore Morocco, Safi (or Doukkala) Basin Segment -- 2.3 Offshore Morocco, Deepwater Essaouira Basin Segment -- 2.4 Offshore Morocco, Essaouira Basin Shelf Segment -- 2.5 Offshore Canada, Nova Scotia Margin -- 2.6 Postsalt Play Types, North Sea Region -- 2.7 Suprasalt Chalk, Sidi El Kilani Field, Onshore Central Tunisia -- 2.8 Suprasalt Anticline, Lacq Gas Field, Aquitaine Basin, France -- 2.9 Suprasalt Anticline, Ayoluengo Field, Burgos Basin, Spain -- 2.10 Salt Detachment Thrust-Fold Belt, Onshore Albania -- 2.11 Subsalt Rift Shoulder Play, Central High Atlas, Morocco -- 2.12 Subsalt Rift Shoulder Play, Balkans and Forebalkans, Bulgaria -- 3 Presalt Plays -- 3.1 Meskala Presalt Gas/Condensate Field, Onshore Essaouira Basin, Morocco -- 3.2 Presalt Play, Onshore Pre-Rif/Saïss Basin, Morocco -- 3.3 Presalt Play, Lusitanian Basin, Portugal -- 3.4 Presalt TAG-I and TAG-S Play, Ghadames Basin, Algeria and Tunisia -- 3.5 Presalt Play, Southern Atlas Thrust-Folded Belt, Tunisia -- 3.6 Presalt (or IntraSalt) Play, Zechstein BMB Field, Poland -- 3.7 Presalt Rotliegend Play, Groningen Field, the Netherlands -- 4 Some Highlights of the Impact of Permo-Triassic Evaporites on Petroleum Systems -- 4.1 Trap -- 4.2 Seal -- 4.3 Reservoir -- 4.4 Source -- 5 Exploration Outlook -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part II: Zechstein Basin -- Chapter 7: Paleogeographic Evolution of Latest Permian and Triassic Salt Basins in Northwest Europe -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Basin Setting -- 2.1 Tectonic Setting -- 2.2 Climate -- 2.3 Sediment Supply -- 2.4 Eustacy -- 3 Facies -- 4 Paleogeography -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8: Composition, Tectonics, and Hydrocarbon Significance of Zechstein Supergroup Salt on the United Kingdom and Nor Front Cover -- Permo-Triassic Salt Provinces of Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic Margins: Tectonics and Hydrocarbon Potential -- Copyright -- Epigraph -- Dedication -- Albert Walter Bally -- In Memoriam -- Martin P.A. Jackson (1947-2016) -- Ulf Bayer (1949-2016) -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- References -- Acknowledgments -- Part I: Salt tectonics in time and space -- Chapter 1: Permo-Triassic Basins and Tectonics in Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic Margins: A Synthesis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Contents and Organization of the Book -- 3 The Permo-Triassic Chronostratigraphic Scale -- 4 Permian and Triassic Salt Basins -- 5 The Permian Zechstein Basin in Europe -- 5.1 South Kara Sea (5 -- Fig. 14) -- 5.2 Timan Pechora Basin (6 -- Fig. 14) -- 5.3 Svalbard (7 -- Fig. 14) -- 5.4 Barents Sea (8 -- Fig. 14) -- 5.5 Bjørnøya Basin (9 -- Fig. 14) and Nordkapp Basin (10 -- Fig. 14) -- 5.6 Tampen Spur (23 -- Fig. 15) -- 5.7 Viking Graben (24 -- Fig. 15) -- 5.8 Horda Platform (25 -- Fig. 15) and Norwegian Danish Basin (26 -- Fig. 15) -- 5.9 Central North Sea (27 -- Fig. 16) -- 5.10 Southern North Sea Offshore of the United Kingdom (28 -- Fig. 16) -- 5.11 Southern North Sea, the Netherlands (29 -- Fig. 16) -- 5.12 North German Basin (30 -- Fig. 16) -- 5.13 Mid-Polish Trough (31 -- Fig. 16) -- 6 Triassic Evaporites in the Atlantic Margins -- 6.1 West Greenland (1 -- Fig. 17) and Wandel Sea Basin (2 -- Fig. 17) -- 6.2 East Greenland (3 -- Fig. 17) -- 6.3 Scotian Margin (4 -- Fig. 17) -- 6.4 West of Shetland (11 -- Fig. 18) and Moray Firth (12 -- Fig. 18) -- 6.5 Hebrides (13 -- Fig. 18) -- 6.6 Irish Sea (14 -- Fig. 18) -- 6.7 Celtic Sea (15 -- Fig. 18) -- 6.8 Wessex Basin (16 -- Fig. 18) -- 6.9 Parentis Basin and Offshore Northern Spain, in the Asturias Margin (17 -- Fig. 18) -- 6.10 Peniche and Lusitanian Basins (18 -- Fig. 18) 6.11 Algarve Basin (19 -- Fig. 18) -- 6.12 Offshore Morocco (20 -- Fig. 18) -- 6.13 Offshore Southern Mauritania (21 -- Fig. 18) -- 6.14 Offshore Senegal and Guinea-Bissau (22 -- Fig. 18) -- 7 Folded Belts With Triassic Evaporites in Europe and North Africa -- 7.1 Paris Basin (35 -- Fig. 19) -- 7.2 Iberian Range (36 -- Fig. 19) -- 7.3 Catalan Coastal Ranges (37 -- Fig. 19) -- 7.4 Pyrenees to the Aquitanian Basin (38 -- Fig. 19) -- 7.5 External Betics in Southern Spain (39 -- Fig. 19) -- 7.6 Jura Mountains (40 -- Fig. 19) -- 7.7 Calcareous Northern Alps (41 -- Fig. 19) -- 7.8 Apulian and Ionian Zones (42 and 43, respectively -- Fig. 19) -- 7.9 Balkans and Fore-Balkans (44 -- Fig. 19) -- 7.10 High to Middle Atlas in Morocco (32 -- Fig. 20) -- 7.11 Tunisian Atlas (33 -- Fig. 20) -- 7.12 Berkine-Ghadames Basin (34 -- Fig. 20) -- Appendix -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: The Permian and Triassic Chronostratigraphic Scales-Framework for Ordering Events -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Building a Chronostratigraphy -- 3 Permian Chronostratigraphic Scale -- 3.1 Some History -- 3.2 Subdivisions of the Permian -- 3.3 Regional Permian Chronostratigraphic Scales -- 4 Triassic Chronostratigraphic Scale -- 4.1 Some History -- 4.2 Subdivisions of the Triassic -- 4.3 Other Triassic Chronostratigraphic Scales -- 5 Integrated Timescales -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: Late Permian-Early Jurassic Paleogeography of Western Tethys and the World -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A Revised Plate Kinematic Model -- 3 Latest Permian, Triassic, and Early Jurassic Global Plate Tectonics and Paleogeography -- 3.1 Plate Tectonics -- 3.2 Paleogeography -- 4 The Paleogeographic Method -- 5 Paleogeography of the Western Tethys -- 6 Late Permian Paleogeography (Lopingian, 259.8-252.17 Ma), Fig. 13