مردم، ملت‌ها و سنت‌ها در چارچوب مقایسه‌ای: تفکر دربارهٔ گذشته با جاناتان استینبرگ

If the turn of the twenty-first century was characterised by the ‘history wars’ in which bitter internecine battles raged between different historical schools, Jonathan Steinberg was noteworthy for his methodological pluralism. His own historical worked spanned diplomatic history, military history, the social history of war, biography, social history, banking history, political culture and genocide studies. He often employed a comparative historical approach, which teased out deep historical explanations by examining personalities, nations and traditions simultaneously. This book offers a critical appreciation of his contribution to modern historical practice with contributions by former students and colleagues, whose own interests are as diverse as those of Steinberg himself. Cover 1 Front Matter 3 Half-title 3 Title page 5 Copyright information 6 Table of Contents 7 Foreword 9 Acknowledgements 11 Notes on Contributors 13 Introduction 17 Notes 24 Parts One-Five 25 Part One Methodological Pluralism and New Applications 25 Chapter One All or Nothing: From Comparative to Transnational History 27 The Challenges of Comparison 27 The Case for Comparison 29 Towards the Transnational? 32 The 1960s in Transnational Perspective 35 Notes 38 Chapter Two Swiss History Only as National History? How to Break out of the Cage of National Historiography 43 1. What is meant by ‘Swiss history’? 44 2. Is it true that Swiss history is only pursued by Swiss, and if so, why is this the case? 45 3. Is Switzerland an exception in this regard, and if not, why not? 46 4. What is Swiss about Swiss historians? 48 5. What would have changed had more non-Swiss dealt with Switzerland? 48 6. Are national histories still needed, and if so, what should they look like? 53 Notes 54 Chapter Three ‘The Kaiser’s Navy and German Society’: The View from the Tattooist’s Studio 61 I 61 II 62 III 66 IV 69 Notes 70 Chapter Four The Warburgs and Yesterday’s Financial Deterrent 75 I 76 II 77 III 80 IV 82 Notes 84 Part Two Personal and National Character 87 Chapter Five Clarendon’s Exile and the Role of Personality in Historical Explanation 89 I 91 II 93 III 96 IV 97 Notes 99 Chapter Six Leslie Stephen and the Americans 105 Notes 116 Chapter Seven From Bodyguard to General: The Strange Career of Joseph ‘Sepp’ Dietrich 119 Notes 129 Chapter Eight Johnny Eyetie and the Teds: British Soldiers’ Attitudes towards their Italian and German Enemies in the Second World War 131 Notes 141 Part Three Society, Families and the Sovereign Self 145 Chapter Nine The Family of Sovereigns at Modern Times 147 1. Political Anarchism and the Family 147 Warren and the problem of childhood 151 2. Free Love at Modern Times 153 Andrews and the moral hierarchy of love 153 3. The Family and Perfectibility 155 Edger and the positive family 156 Newbery and ‘rational procreation’ 159 4. Man as a Subject for Science 161 Science, sovereignty and the family 162 Notes 163 Chapter Ten French Family Policy and the Family of Nations in the Interwar Years 167 Notes 176 Chapter Eleven Death of a Dream: Liberal Values and the Crisis of the British Welfare State, 1945–2014 179 Notes 190 Part Four History Out of Sync: Modernity and Tradition 193 Chapter Twelve A Risorgimento Influence on the Modern European Image of St Francis of Assisi 195 Notes 200 Chapter Thirteen Hometown Hamburg: Constructing the Non- Liberal and Non-Modern Foundations of the Weimar Republic in the Long Nineteenth Century 203 Hamburg: A City of Two Social Orders 204 Hamburg: The Capital of German Handwerk 205 Hamburg: A City of Disturbers 209 Hamburg in the Weimar Republic: Betwixt and Between 214 Notes 215 Chapter Fourteen ‘Revolt Against the Modern World’: Religion and the Fascist Right in Contemporary Italy 219 Introduction 219 Religion and the Right in the 1930s 220 Religion in Italy 2013 221 Religious Pluralism 221 The Political Right in Italy 222 The Church and the Respectable Right in Italy Today 222 Religion and the Post-Fascist Right in Italy 224 The Fascist Right and ‘Clerical Fascism’ 225 Latter-Day Fascist Anti-Clericalism 227 Odinism 229 National Socialist Black Metal 230 Conclusion 231 Postscript (2020) 233 Notes 233 Part Five History, Narrative and the Human Condition 239 Chapter Fifteen April 1945: Life and Death in the Last Days of World War II 241 Sources 255 Chapter Sixteen Being Human as a Method and Research Finding in Social Science 257 The Importance of ‘Being a Person’ as a Research Finding 264 Conclusion 270 Notes 271 Chapter Seventeen Bleak House Syndrome 275 Notes 277 End Matter 279 Afterword 279 Notes 280 Bibliography 283 Books by Jonathan Steinberg 283 Translations 283 Select Articles, Chapters and Lectures 283 Index 285 The diverse essays in this book reflect Jonathan Steinberg’s methodological pluralism and insatiable curiosity for historical questions which cross disciplinary and geographical boundaries. Animating students, colleagues, friends and wider audiences with his enthusiasm for ‘thinking about the past’ was his vocation, one that he pursued with unmatched enthusiasm. Through this collection of essays, the book hopes to convey something of the intellectual range, analytical purchase and moral purpose of his historical writing and teaching. One feature of Steinberg’s inspiring and charismatic lectures was his unique ability to combine an analysis – always fresh, never pre-cooked – of big historical structures and trends with an acute awareness of the importance of individual personalities. Jonathan Steinberg also believed in contingency, the importance of chance, and was keen to reject any form of historical determinism. The third salient feature of his work was his sense of moral purpose. He understood history as a hermeneutic science and was appropriately cautious about the epistemological status of historical claims, but he nevertheless saw the correctness of historical arguments and the probity of historical claims to be moral as well as empirical questions. His ethical sensibilities, his openness to interdisciplinary work and the humane and nuanced understanding of human motivation equipped him to tackle some of the most difficult subjects of nineteenth- and twentieth-century European history. This book illustrates and celebrates Professor Jonathan Steinberg's - a celebrated historian of modern Europe, especially Germany, Italy, Austria and Switzerland - contributions to historical practice. Professor Steinberg embraced methodological pluralism and pioneered comparative history, exploring the past through a multi-valent lens that examined the interplay between personalities, nations, and traditions