PEM Water Electrolysis (Volume 2) (Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Primers, Volume 2)

__PEM Water Electrolysis____, a volume in the Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cell Primers__ series presents the most recent advances in the field. It brings together information that has thus far been scattered in many different sources under one single title, making it a useful reference for industry professionals, researchers and graduate students. Volumes One and Two allow readers to identify technology gaps for commercially viable PEM electrolysis systems for energy applications and examine the fundamentals of PEM electrolysis and selected research topics that are top of mind for the academic and industry community, such as gas cross-over and AST protocols. The book lays the foundation for the exploration of the current industrial trends for PEM electrolysis, such as power to gas application and a strong focus on the current trends in the application of PEM electrolysis associated with energy storage. * Presents the fundamentals and most current knowledge in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers * Explores the technology gaps and challenges for commercial deployment of PEM water electrolysis technologies * Includes unconventional systems, such as ozone generators * Brings together information from many different sources under one single title, making it a useful reference for industry professionals, researchers and graduate students alike 0 Front-matter_2018_PEM-Water-Electrolysis PEM Water Electrolysis Copyright_2018_PEM-Water-Electrolysis Copyright About-the-Authors_2018_PEM-Water-Electrolysis About the Authors Preface_2018_PEM-Water-Electrolysis Preface Acknowledgments_2018_PEM-Water-Electrolysis Acknowledgments 01 1 The PEM Water Electrolysis Plant 1.1 Overview of the PEM Water Electrolysis System 1.1.1 Laboratory Setup 1.1.2 The PEM Water Electrolysis Plant 1.1.3 Comparison of PEMWE Systems 1.2 The Water Electrolysis Unit 1.2.1 The Conventional PEM Electrolysis Module 1.2.2 From Mono-to Multistack Systems 1.2.2.1 PEM Clusters 1.3 The Power Supply Unit 1.3.1 General Description 1.3.2 Examples 1.4 The Water Purification Unit 1.4.1 General Description 1.4.2 Example 1.5 The Liquid–Gas Separation Unit 1.5.1 General Description 1.5.2 Example 1.6 The Gas Treatment Unit 1.6.1 General Description 1.6.2 Example 1.7 The Process Monitoring Unit 1.8 Overview of Several Technology Suppliers 1.8.1 Siemens 1.8.2 Proton OnSite 1.8.3 Hydrogenics 1.8.4 ITM Power 1.8.5 AREVA H2Gen 1.8.6 H-TEC Systems 1.8.7 Elchemtech Co. 1.8.8 NEL ASA 1.9 Conclusions References 02 2 Key Performance Indicators 2.1 Overview of Key Performance Indicators Used for Performance Assessment 2.2 Operating Conditions and Production Capacity 2.2.1 The j Range 2.2.2 The T Range 2.2.3 The P Range (Pressurized PEM Water Electrolysis) 2.2.4 Active Cell Area 2.2.5 Production Capacity 2.3 Efficiency 2.3.1 Efficiency of the PEM Water Electrolysis Cell and Stack 2.3.2 Efficiency of the PEM Water Electrolysis Stack 2.3.3 Efficiency of the PEM Water Electrolysis Plant 2.4 Flexibility–Reactivity 2.4.1 Definitions and Objectives 2.4.2 Performances 2.5 Safety 2.5.1 Fundamentals of Gas Cross-Over 2.5.2 In Stationary Operating Conditions 2.5.3 In Transient Operating Conditions 2.5.4 Mitigation Measures 2.6 Durability 2.7 Capex/Opex Analysis 2.8 A SWOT Analysis of PEM Water Electrolysis 2.8.1 Main Process Characteristics 2.8.2 Process Maturity 2.8.3 Technical Characteristics 2.8.4 Economic Characteristics 2.8.5 SWOT Analysis 2.9 Conclusions References 03 3 Performance Degradation 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 The Ideal Proton-Exchange Membrane Cell 3.1.2 The Real Proton-Exchange Membrane Cell 3.2 Experimental Tools for Investigating Degradation Processes and Mechanisms 3.2.1 The Measurement Cell 3.2.2 In Situ Measurement Techniques 3.2.2.1 I–V Curves 3.2.2.2 Cyclic Voltammetry 3.2.2.3 Interfacial Contact Resistance 3.2.2.4 Current Distribution 3.2.3 Ex Situ Measurement Techniques 3.2.4 Accelerated Stress Test Protocols 3.3 Degradation Mechanisms 3.3.1 Overview 3.3.2 Membrane Degradation 3.3.2.1 Reversible Modification of Membrane Bulk Ionic Conductivity 3.3.2.2 Irreversible Chemical Degradation of Membrane and Thinning 3.3.2.3 Membrane Perforation 3.3.3 Catalyst Degradation 3.3.3.1 Loss of Intrinsic Activity 3.3.3.2 Loss of Active Sites 3.3.4 Catalyst Layer Degradation 3.3.4.1 Global Heterogeneous Current Distribution 3.3.4.2 CL Structure Modification 3.3.5 Porous Current Collector Degradation 3.3.6 Bipolar Plate Degradation 3.4 Examples of Ageing 3.4.1 Degradation Due to Long-Term Storage of a Proton-Exchange Membrane Stack 3.4.2 Degradation During Stationary Operation 3.4.2.1 Laboratory Cell Degradation 3.4.2.2 Stack Degradation 3.4.3 Degradation During Transient Operation 3.5 Conclusions References 04 4 Power-to-Gas References 05 5 Selected Properties of Hydrogen 5.1 Diffusion Coefficient of H2 in Water 5.2 Solubility of H2 in Water (Table 5.2) 5.3 Solubility of H2 in Water When Total Gas Pressure Includes Water Vapor Equilibrium 5.4 Absolute Humidity of Water in H2 as a Function of Temperature and Pressure (Table 5.4) 5.5 Solubility of H2 in Water as a Function of Temperature at Elevated Pressure (Table 5.5) 5.6 Permeability of H2 in Water 5.7 Viscosity of H2 (Table 5.7) 5.8 Thermal Conductivity of H2 (Table 5.8) 5.9 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of H2 (Table 5.9) 5.10 Energy Density of H2 Compared to Other Common Fuels (Table 5.10) 5.11 Emissions of Common Combustion Fuels (Table 5.11) 5.12 Internal Energy, Enthalpy and Entropy of H2 at Various Temperature and Pressure Conditions (Table 5.12) 5.13 Permeability of H2 in Common Polymers (Table 5.13) 5.14 Van der Waals Equation of State for Real Gases References Further Reading 06 Index Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cell Primers is a series of concise books that present those coming into this broad and multidisciplinary field the most recent advances in each of its particular topics. Its volumes bring together information that has thus far been scattered in many different sources under one single title, which makes them a useful reference for industry professionals, researchers and graduate students, especially those starting in a new topic of research. These volumes, PEM Water Electrolysis vol 1 and 2, allows these readers to identify the technology gaps for the development of commercially viable PEM electrolysis systems for energy applications. This primer examines the fundamentals of PEM electrolysis and selected research topics that are currently subject of attention by academic and industry community, such as gas cross-over and AST protocols. This lays the foundation for the exploration of the current industrial trends for PEM electrolysis, such as power to gas application, are discussed, with strong focus on the current trends in the application of PEM electrolysis associated with energy storage. These include durability aspects of PEM electrolysis systems and components, accelerated stress test protocols, manufacturing aspects of large-scale electrolyzers and components, gas crossover problems in PEM electrolyzer safety, and challenges associated with high-current density operation of PEM electrolyzers. A technology development matrix for systems and components requirements will also be covered, as well as unconventional PEM water electrolysis systems, such as ozone generators