Pediatric Neuroendocrinology: Workshop May 17-19, 2009 Villasimius Cagliari Italy (Endocrine Development, Vol. 17)

The neuroendocrine system plays a pivotal role in the control of growth, puberty, reproduction, and intermediate metabolism. The last decades have witnessed rapid progress in the understanding of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms involved in neuroendocrine function, paralleled by dramatic improvements in imaging techniques. In this volume an international group of basic and clinical investigators presents their latest research on neuroendocrine physiology, advances in the control of the onset of puberty and its disorders, and basic and clinical aspects of the GH/IGF-1 and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes. An entire section is dedicated to pituitary tumors, including genetics and neuroimaging, and another covers the neuroendocrine control of substrate metabolism, including hypothalamic obesity and anorexia. Pragmatic and topical, this book is a must read for pediatricians, endocrinologists and clinical researchers working in the field of pediatric neuroendocrinology. Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 8 Abstract......Page 9 Detection of Hyperosmolality......Page 10 Function-Related Plasticity......Page 12 A Comprehensive Description of the HNS Transcriptome......Page 13 The HNS Transcriptome Is Highly Strain Dependent......Page 15 Conclusion......Page 16 References......Page 17 Hormones that Influence Glucose Regulation and Appetite Control Are Influenced by Sleep......Page 19 Obesity and Sleep Loss: Epidemiologic Evidence......Page 22 Obesity, Diabetes and Sleep Loss: Evidence from Laboratory Studies......Page 25 References......Page 28 Sex Differences in Cognition and Aggression: Little Effect of the Social Environment......Page 30 Organizational and Activational Effects of Sex Hormones......Page 31 Neurobiological Factors of Sexual Differentiation of the Brain......Page 33 Sex Differences in the Human Brain......Page 34 Transsexuality and the Brain......Page 36 Sexual Orientation......Page 38 Sexual Orientation and the Brain......Page 39 Conclusions......Page 40 References......Page 41 The ‘CRH Family’......Page 44 CRH Receptor Antagonists......Page 46 Clinical Implications of CRHR Antagonists......Page 47 References......Page 50 General Aspects......Page 52 ‘Upstream’ Genes and the Transcriptional Control of Puberty......Page 53 Epigenetics and Puberty......Page 56 References......Page 57 Abstract......Page 60 Brain Sexual Differentiation and Puberty Onset......Page 61 Sexual Differentiation of Kiss1 Neurons: Functional Implications......Page 62 Kiss1 System and the Timing of Puberty: Mechanisms and Physiological Relevance......Page 63 Kiss1 System as Transmitter for the Metabolic Regulation of Puberty and Fertility......Page 65 Future Directions and Conclusions......Page 67 References......Page 68 Abstract......Page 71 Neurogenesis, Neuroprotection and Plasticity......Page 73 The Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 System in the Brain......Page 74 Age-Related Effects of Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 on Neurogenesis......Page 75 Endogenous and Local Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 versus Therapy......Page 77 Treatment of Disease and Neurogenesis......Page 78 Experimental Validity for Human Clinical Use......Page 79 References......Page 80 Abstract......Page 85 The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis......Page 86 Leptin and Central Peptide Hormones......Page 87 Linear Growth and Adolescent Development......Page 90 Body Composition and Adolescent Development......Page 91 References......Page 92 Abstract......Page 94 Neuroendocrine Actions......Page 95 Ghrelin, Appetite and Energy Expenditure......Page 97 Peripheral Metabolic Actions of Ghrelin......Page 99 References......Page 100 Abstract......Page 104 Methods......Page 105 Results......Page 108 Discussion......Page 110 References......Page 114 Abstract......Page 116 Synthetic GCs......Page 121 Serotonergic Drugs......Page 123 Conclusions......Page 125 References......Page 126 Abstract......Page 129 Sporadic Tumors......Page 136 Conclusion......Page 138 References......Page 140 Abstract......Page 142 Diagnosis of Paediatric Cushing’s Disease......Page 143 Treatment of Cushing’s Disease......Page 149 References......Page 151 Abstract......Page 154 Clinical Presentation......Page 155 Diagnosis......Page 160 Treatment Strategy......Page 162 Conclusion......Page 164 References......Page 165 Abstract......Page 168 Background......Page 169 Pituitary Adenomas......Page 171 Main Differential Diagnosis......Page 173 References......Page 180 Abstract......Page 183 Regulation of Resistin by Obesity and Insulin/Glucose Alterations......Page 184 Effects of Resistin on Glucose Metabolism......Page 185 Resistin and Lipid Metabolism......Page 187 Concluding Remarks......Page 189 References......Page 190 Abstract......Page 193 Hypothalamic Energy Regulation......Page 194 Etiologies of Hypothalamic Obesity......Page 195 Hormonal and Metabolic Characteristics of HyOb......Page 198 Treatment......Page 200 References......Page 201 Abstract......Page 205 Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis......Page 206 Growth Hormone-Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis......Page 207 Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis......Page 209 Peptides and Cytokines that Signal Energy Availability......Page 210 Leptin......Page 211 Peptide YY......Page 212 Bone Metabolism......Page 213 Hormonal Determinants of Low Bone Density in Anorexia Nervosa......Page 216 Body Composition......Page 218 Grant Support......Page 219 References......Page 220 Author Index......Page 223 Subject Index......Page 224 The transcriptome and the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system / C. Colin, T. Hindmarch, D. Murphy Role of sleep and sleep loss in hormonal release and metabolism / R. Leproult, E. Van Cauter Sexual hormones and the brain : an essential alliance for sexual identity and sexual orientation / A. Garcia-Falgueras, D.F. Swaab Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonists : an update / E. Zoumakis, G.P. Chrousos New concepts on the control of the onset of puberty / S.R. Ojeda ... [et al.] Roles of kisspeptins in the control of hypothalamic-gonadotropic function : focus on sexual differentiation and puberty onset / M. Tena-Sempere Role of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 axis in neurogenesis / N.D. Åberg Sex steroids, growth hormone, leptin, and the pubertal growth spurt / A.D. Rogol Endocrine and metabolic actions of ghrelin / V. Gasco ... [et al.] Pitfalls in the diagnosis of central adrenal insufficiency in children / R. Kazlauskaite, M. Maghnie Central nervous system-acting drugs influencing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function / V. Locatelli ... [et al.] Genetic factors in the development of pituitary adenomas / S. Vandeva ... [et al.] Diagnosis and treatment of Cushing's disease in children / M.O. Savage ... [et al.] Prolactinomas in children and adolescents / A. Colao, S. Loche Pituitary tumors : advances in neuroimaging / G. Morana, M. Maghnie, A. Rossi Resistin : regulation of food intake, glucose homeostasis, and lipid metabolism / R. Nogueiras ... [et al.] Hypothalamic obesity / I. Hochberg, Z. Hochberg Neuroendocrine consequences of anorexia nervosa in adolescents / M. Misra, A. Klibanski.