Peasant Metropolis: Social Identities in Moscow, 1929–1941 (Studies of the Harriman Institute)

During the 1930's, 23 million peasants left their villages and moved to Soviet cities, where they comprised almost half the urban population and more than half the nation's industrial workers. Drawing on previously inaccessible archival materials, David L. Hoffmann shows how this massive migration to the cities—an influx unprecedented in world history—had major consequences for the nature of the Soviet system and the character of Russian society even today.Hoffmann focuses on events in Moscow between the launching of the industrialization drive in 1929 and the outbreak of war in 1941. He reconstructs the attempts of Party leaders to reshape the social identity and behavior of the millions of newly urbanized workers, who appeared to offer a broad base of support for the socialist regime. The former peasants, however, had brought with them their own forms of cultural expression, social organization, work habits, and attitudes toward authority. Hoffmann demonstrates that Moscow's new inhabitants established social identities and understandings of the world very different from those prescribed by Soviet authorities. Their refusal to conform to the authorities' model of a loyal proletariat thwarted Party efforts to construct a social and political order consistent with Bolshevik ideology. The conservative and coercive policies that Party leaders adopted in response, he argues, contributed to the Soviet Union's emergence as an authoritarian welfare state. | During the 1930's, 23 million peasants left their villages and moved to Soviet cities, where they comprised almost half the urban population and more than half the nation's industrial workers. Drawing on previously inaccessible archival materials, David L. Hoffmann shows how this massive migration to the cities—an influx unprecedented in world history—had major consequences for the nature of the Soviet system and the character of Russian society even today. Hoffmann focuses on events in Moscow between the launching of the industrialization drive in 1929 and the outbreak of war in 1941. He reconstructs the attempts of Party leaders to reshape the social identity and behavior of the millions of newly urbanized workers, who appeared to offer a broad base of support for the socialist regime. The former peasants, however, had brought with them their own forms of cultural expression, social organization, work habits, and attitudes toward authority. Hoffmann demonstrates that Moscow's new inhabitants established social identities and understandings of the world very different from those prescribed by Soviet authorities. Their refusal to conform to the authorities' model of a loyal proletariat thwarted Party efforts to construct a social and political order consistent with Bolshevik ideology. The conservative and coercive policies that Party leaders adopted in response, he argues, contributed to the Soviet Union's emergence as an authoritarian welfare state.

during The 1930s, 23 Million Peasants Left Their Villages And Moved To Soviet Cities, Where They Accounted For Almost Half Of The Urban Population And More Than Half Of The Nation's Industrial Workers. Drawing On Previously Inaccessible Archival Materials, David L. Hoffmann Shows How This Massive Migration To The Cities - An Influx Unprecedented In World History - Had Major Consequences For The Nature Of The Soviet System And The Character Of Russian Society Even Today. Hoffmann Focuses On Events In Moscow Between The Launching Of The Industrialization Drive In 1929 And The Outbreak Of War In 1941. He Reconstructs The Attempts Of Party Leaders To Reshape The Social Identity And Behavior Of The Millions Of Newly Urbanized Workers, Who Appeared To Offer A Broad Base Of Support For The Socialist Regime. The Former Peasants, However, Had Brought With Them Their Own Forms Of Cultural Expression, Social Organization, Work Habits, And Attitudes Toward Authority. Hoffmann Demonstrates That Moscow's New Inhabitants Established Social Identities And Understandings Of The World Very Different From Those Prescribed By Soviet Authorities. Their Refusal To Conform To The Authorities' Model Of A Loyal Proletariat Thwarted Party Efforts To Construct A Social And Political Order Consistent With Bolshevik Ideology. The Conservative And Coercive Policies That Party Leaders Adopted In Response, He Argues, Contributed To The Soviet Union's Emergence As An Authoritarian Welfare State.

During the 1930's, 23 million peasants left their villages and moved to Soviet cities, where they comprised almost half the urban population and more than half the nation's industrial workers. Drawing on previously inaccessible archival materials, David L. Hoffmann shows how this massive migration to the cities—an influx unprecedented in world history—had major consequences for the nature of the Soviet system and the character of Russian society even today.

Hoffmann focuses on events in Moscow between the launching of the industrialization drive in 1929 and the outbreak of war in 1941. He reconstructs the attempts of Party leaders to reshape the social identity and behavior of the millions of newly urbanized workers, who appeared to offer a broad base of support for the socialist regime. The former peasants, however, had brought with them their own forms of cultural expression, social organization, work habits, and attitudes toward authority. Hoffmann demonstrates that Moscow's new inhabitants established social identities and understandings of the world very different from those prescribed by Soviet authorities. Their refusal to conform to the authorities' model of a loyal proletariat thwarted Party efforts to construct a social and political order consistent with Bolshevik ideology. The conservative and coercive policies that Party leaders adopted in response, he argues, contributed to the Soviet Union's emergence as an authoritarian welfare state.

Contents 7 Illustrations and Maps 9 Acknowledgments 11 Abbreviations 15 Introduction 17 1. Moscow and Its Hinterland 28 2. The Process of In-migration 48 3. The Formation of the Urban Workforce 89 4. The Workplace as Contested Space 123 5. The Urban Environment and Living Standards 143 6. Official Culture and Peasant Culture 174 7. Social Identity and Labor Politics 206 Conclusion 232 Appendix I. Workers in Moscow's Economic Sectors 237 Appendix II. The 1932 Trade Union Census 252 Bibliography 267 Index 291 When eighteen-year-old Evgenii Mikhailovich stepped off a train in Moscow in 1931, he gaped in awe at the bustling metropolis that surrounded him.