Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions (Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals)

The problems related to the process of industrialisation such as biodiversity depletion, climate change and a worsening of health and living conditions, especially but not only in developing countries, intensify. Therefore, there is an increasing need to search for integrated solutions to make development more sustainable. The United Nations has acknowledged the problem and approved the “2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”. On 1st January 2016, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the Agenda officially came into force. These goals cover the three dimensions of sustainable development: economic growth, social inclusion and environmental protection. The Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals comprehensively addresses the SDGs in an integrated way. The Encyclopedia encompasses 17 volumes, each one devoted to one of the 17 SDGs. This volume addresses SDG 16, namely " Promote peaceful andinclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels " and contains the description of a range of terms, which allows a better understanding and fosters knowledge. Concretely, the defined targets are: Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all Significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decisionmaking at all levels Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance Provide legal identity for all, including birth registration Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development Editorial Board Alexandra Aragão, Julinda Beqiraj, Dênis Antônio da Cunha, Renata Welinski da Silva Seabra, Golda A. Edwin, Thomas Kaydor, Tehmina Khan, Amanda Lange Salvia, Paula Lopes, Petra Schneider, Pinar Gökçin Özuyar Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions Series Preface Volume Preface List of Topics About the Editors About the Section Editors Contributors A Abolition Democracy Abolitionism Aboriginal Population Abuse of Power Access to Justice: Promoting the Legal System as a Human Right Definition Introduction The Declaration of the High-Level Meeting on the Rule of Law and Access to Justice as a Human Right Access to Justice Perspectives Normative Framework Human Rights-Based Approach to Access to Justice Empowerment of the Poor Through Access to Justice Barriers to Access to Justice Types of Support to Promote Access to Justice Conclusions Cross-References References Accountability Accountability and Transparency Agent Behavior Alternative Dispute Resolution Alternatives to Development Anti-development Armed Non-state Actors Armed Opposition Groups B Back and Forth Behavior Change Big Data Bisahi ``Blood Money ́ ́: From Compensation to Transformative Justice for Peace and Sustainability Synonyms Definition Introduction Moral Values and Burdens of ``Blood Money ́ ́ The Practice of Monetary Reparations Transitional Justice: A Holistic Approach to Reparations Transformative Justice and Sustainable Peace Conclusion Cross-References References Boycott and Embargo (related terms) Bribery Build Building Capacities of Youth for Positive Mental Health and Well-Being Synonyms Definition Introduction SDG Goals and Its Relevance to Social Well-Being Key Issues: Youth Mental Health and Well-Being Future Directions Cross-References References C Capacities Capacity Building Capacity Building and Technical Cooperation for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals Synonyms Definitions Introduction ``Capacity Building ́ ́ for Sustainable Development: The Genesis and Evolution ``Capacity Building ́ ́ for Developing Peaceful, Just, and Inclusive Societies (SDG 16) ``Capacity Building ́ ́ and the Linkages Thereof for Achieving SDG 16 Conclusion and Way Forward Cross-References References Capacity Development Capacity Development and Sustainable Development Goals Definition Introduction The Planning Approach to Economic Development Markets and New Perspectives on Development Human Development Approach The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and Aid Effectiveness Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Governance Instruments in the Capacity Development Approach Summary/Conclusions Cross-References References Challenges of International Criminal Law for Sustainable Development Definitions Introduction The Relationship Between International Criminal Law and Sustainable Development Addressing the Challenges of International Criminal Justice Enforcement of International Criminal Law at the National Level Enhancement of the Cooperation Regime in International Criminal Law Addressing Gaps in Jurisdiction and Definitional Limitations Resolving the Question of Immunity of Heads of States Existing Endeavors to Address Some Challenges of International Criminal Law International Commissions of Inquiry, Fact-Finding Missions, and Other Investigative Mechanisms The Humanity Against Crimes Campaign The International Law Commission ́s Crimes Against Humanity Project The Mutual Legal Assistance Initiative Concluding Summary Cross-References References Challenges to Democracy in Developing Countries Definitions Introduction Understanding the Challenges to Democracy in Developing Countries Democracy and Economic Development Uneven State-Building and Extension of the Rule of Law Subnational Variations of Democracy Democratic Backsliding in Developing Countries Democracy and the Sustainable Development Goals Cross-References References Change Management Changing Chauvinism Child Children ́s Right Civil Climate Change Justice Climate Justice Synonyms Definitions Climate Justice Climate Justice as Environmental Justice? Climate Justice and SDGs Small/Big, Center/Margin, False, and Useful Binaries: Climate Justice as an ``Urban ́ ́ Issue? Climate Migration Adaptation, Mitigation, and Types of (Climate) Justice The Law, Governance, and Climate Justice Seeing REDD(+) for the Future of Nature in ``the Economy ́ ́: Circular Economy, Green Economy, Bioeconomy, Blue Carbon, Cap-and-... Global South, (De)Coloniality, and Climate Justice Rights of Nature, Gender, Race, and Climate Justice Outlook Cross-References References Climate Responsibility Coercion Collaborative Governance for Sustainable Development Synonyms Definition Introduction Definition, Configuration, and Evolution of Collaborative Governance Drivers and Conditions for Collaborative Governance Institutional Design and Leadership in Collaborative Processes The Collaborative Process UN Governance and Innovation: Accountable and Inclusive Institutions at All Levels E-Government and Open Data Initiatives Governance and Gender Equality Conclusion: Challenges for the Implementation of Collaborative Governance Cross-References References Communal Conflict: Theory and Sociocultural Impact Definitions Introduction Communal Conflicts Conflict Theory and Sociocultural Impact Logics of Human Rights Human Development and SDG16 Concluding Comments Key Issues/Challenges Future Directions Cross-References References Communication for Development Communication for Peace Communication for Peaceful Social Change and Global Citizenry Synonyms Definitions Introduction Culture and Communication for Peace Communication for Development and Communication for Social Change Civil Society, Activism, and Communicative Action for Peace Transgressive Communication for Peaceful Social Change Conclusions Cross-References Acknowledgment References Communication for Social Change Community Circles Community Conferencing Community Leadership Compensation Conflict Bargaining and Resolution Strategies Definition of Conflict Bargaining and Conflict Resolution Framework on Conflict Resolution The Distinction Between Dispute Settlement, Conflict Management, and Conflict Resolution The Evolution of the Conflict Resolution Field of Study Dimensions of Conflict Conflict Resolution Strategies The 17 Principles of Conflict Resolution The Five Conflict Resolution Styles Alternative Dispute Resolution Procedures Conflict Bargaining Distributive/Positional Bargaining Versus Integrative/Interest-Based Bargaining Tacit Versus Explicit Bargaining Mediation Arbitration Litigation Culture-Based Influence on Conflict Resolution Cross-References References Conflict Mediation Conflict-Affected Areas and Sustainable Development Goal 16 Definition Introduction Understanding Conflict Conflict-Affected Areas (CAAs) and Their Sources Conflict-Affected Areas (CAAs) and Their Consequences CAAs and Effect on SDGs Conclusion Cross-References References Conflict-Free Administration Contemporary Institutional Autonomy and SDG Implementation: Challenges and Opportunities Definitions Introduction Agenda 2030 and Inclusive Institutions Institutionalism Reinvented in the Context of SDGs Implementation Governments Political Will and the Right Leadership Institutional Capacity and Autonomy Adherence to the Rule of Law and Property Rights Protection Free-Market Environment Independent from Government Institutional Interference Migrating from Fragility to Resilience Institutional Economics in the Context of SDGs Implementation Economic-Political Linkage in New Institutional Economics Institutional Arrangements for Government Investment for Sustainable Development Goals A Meta Governance Approach to Make SDGs Work Conclusions Cross-References References Cooperative Leaders Countermeasures/Restrictive Measures (Wide Understanding, Particularly in Relation to Economic and/or Financial Enforcement Me... Crime Criminal Justice Reform Critical Development Studies Cross- and Trans-institutional Collaboration to Support Sustainable Development Goals Synonyms Definitions Introduction Strong Institutions Institutional Theory Cross-Institutional and Trans-Institutional Collaborations for Sustainable Development Goals Conclusions Cross-References References Cross-sectoral Governance Crowdsourcing D Data Justice Dayan pratha De Facto Authorities Decoloniality Democracy in the Developed Countries Definitions What Is Democracy? From Threshold Democracies to Improving the Quality of Democracies The Developed World and Democracy Overview Democracy in the Developed World: Key Issues The Sustainable Development Goals Agenda Multilevel Democracy and Multilateralism Issues of Popular Participation and Political Culture Democracy and ICT: Between Freedom and Security Democratic Retreats Conclusion: Developed Democracies and Sustainability Cross-References References Deprived Children Development Paradigms Related to Peace, Justice, and Solid Institutions: A Case Study on Guatemala for Decision-Makers Definition Introduction Methods Toward a Decision-Makers ́ Vision of SDG 16 in the World in General and Guatemala Specifically Guatemala ́s Profile The International Context: Its Nature, Trends, and Answers Needed The Global State of the SDGs in Latin America and Guatemala in that Context International Crisis Tendencies and Their Effects on the SDG, Guatemala, and Other Countries Prospects for the Future Conclusion Suggestions for Decision-Makers Cross-References Acknowledgment References Digital Government Disaster Risk Management Discuss Dishonesty Disorientation Dissident Armed Forces Distributive Justice Distributive Justice at the Global, National, and Temporal Scales Definitions Introduction Philosophical Origins Multiscalar Approach in Understanding Justice Distributive Justice at the Global Scale: Sustainable Development Goals Distributive Justice at the National Scale: Case Studies of Renewable Energy Implementations Distributive Justice at the Temporal Scale: Intergenerational Justice Conclusion Cross-References References E Ecological Justice Economic Deprivation: Approaches, Causes, and Consequences for Violent Conflicts Synonyms Definitions Introduction Understanding Economic Deprivation Perception of Poverty Causes of Economic Deprivation Deprivation and Political Violence Indirect Effects Motivation Mobilization Radicalization Conclusion Cross-References References Economic Value Effects of Economic Crimes on Sustainable Development Definition Economic Crimes and Development Introduction Economic Crimes and the Private Sector Economic Crimes and the Public Sector Money Laundering and Cybercrime Conclusions: International Cooperation Is Key Cross-References References Electronic Government for Trust Building Synonyms Definitions Introduction Defining Key Terms Trust and Trust in Government E-Government and Trust in E-Government Links Between E-Government and Trust: Building Conceptual Framework State of Electronic Government Trust Building Through E-Government Concluding Remarks Cross-References References Emotional Intelligence and the Sustainable Development Goals: Supporting Peaceful, Just, and Inclusive Societies Definitions Introduction Background and Foundations Linking EI and SDGs Relationship to Self Relationship to Others Relationship to the Environment Relationship to Future Generations Conclusions and the Way Forward: Integrating Personal, Collective, and Systems Change Acknowledgment References Enduring Ensuring Child Rights for a Just Society Synonyms Definition Introduction Ways of Violating Child Rights Socioeconomic Consequences of Violating the Child Rights Existing Legal Framework for Protecting Child Rights, Especially in Developing Countries Inclusion of Deprived Children and Ensuring Justice for All Children Homeless Children Migrant Children Children as Domestic Workers Street Child Child Rights and Just Society for Sustainable Development Barriers to Establishing the Child Rights, Justice, and Inclusion of Deprived Children Policy Recommendations for a Better Situation Cross-References References Entrepreneurship Environmental Democracy for a Just and Peaceful Society Definitions Introduction Environmental Democracy: The Litigation Layer Environmental Democracy: The Contemporary Elected Governments Layer Environmental Democracy: The Intergenerational Layer Environmental Democracy: The Role of Democratic Institutions To Conclude Cross-References References Environmental Justice: Emergence to Implementation and Its Relation with SDGs Synonyms Definition Environmental Justice Movements Environmental Justice Movements in Nations Global Environmental Justice Movements Conceptions of Justice in Environmental Justice, and Its Relation with SDGs Distributive Approach ``Environmental Justice ́ ́: A Concept Beyond the Distributional Paradigm Recognition Participation and Procedural Approach Capabilities Does Environmental Justice Include Ecological Justice? Sustainable Development as a Means of Improving Environmental Justice Environmental Justice in United Nation ́s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) How Environmental Justice Could Be Implemented? Cross-References References Environmental Mediation: Definition and Design Definitions Introduction Context and Objectives Environmental Conflicts Categories Characteristics Environmental Mediation Process Procedure Features Process Start-up Overall Mediation Process Design Proposal for Mediation Stages Future Challenges Cross-References References Environmental Movements Environmental Value Eradication Ethnic Conflict and the UN Sustainable Development Goals Definition Introduction Ethnic Conflict Traditions/Theories of Ethnic Conflict Essentialism Constructivism Instrumentalism Institutionalism Realism Conclusion Cross-References References Ethnocentrism Extortion F Fraud Free and Fair Elections to Electoral Integrity: Trends, Challenges, and Populism Definitions Democracy and Elections: Broader Framework - Peace, Human Rights, and Development The Importance of Elections Elections in Postviolent Conflict Time and Sequencing of Elections Legal Basis in UN Treaties International Electoral Standards United Nations Electoral Assistance Evolution Electoral Assistance Within the UN Elections as Political Events Electoral Assistance Within UN Peace Missions International and UN Agencies Providing Electoral Assistance Today The Electoral Cycle Approach Electoral Observation: Popularity Versus Limited Scope Declaration of Principles and Code of Conduct Role: Credibility at the International Level Domestic Observation Electoral Integrity New Challenges to Elections and Democracy: Populism Cross-References References Freedom of Artistic Expression Through the Lens of the Sustainable Development Goals Definitions Introduction International Legal Frameworks for Artistic Freedom Challenges to Artistic Freedom Worldwide Resources for Artists Concluding Summary Acknowledgment References Fundamental Shift in Patterns of Regulation G Game Theory: Towards an Understanding of the Logic of Justice, Peace, and Institutions Synonyms Definitions Introduction Game Theory The Prisoners ́ Dilemma Elaborate Tools of Game Theory Understanding Strategic Negotiation Towards an Understanding of Peace, Justice, and the Role of Institutions Peace and Justice Peace and the Role of Institutions Conclusion Cross-References References Global Approaches to Punishment and the Sustainable Development Goals Synonyms Definitions Introduction War Crimes Trials International Tribunals The ICTY The ICTR The ICC Hybrid Tribunals The ECCC National Tribunals Beyond Punishment: Restorative Justice Mechanisms Discussion: Global Approaches to Punishment and the SDGs Conclusion Cross-References References Global Governance, Multi-actor Cooperation, and Civil Society Definition Introduction Key Issues Forms of Global Governance Actors in Global Governance Current Directions: On the Role of Global Civil Society Conclusions Cross-References References Global Information Justice Good Governance Good Governance to Nexus Governance in Support of the Sustainable Development Goals Synonyms Definitions Introduction Governance Concepts Applicable to Nexus Key Enablers of Nexus Governance Political (Cultural) and Institutional Context A Common Language, Shared Understanding, and Shared Principles Participation and Stakeholder Analysis - Open and Inclusive Negotiation of Trade-Offs and Increasing Synergies Through Multilevel Governance Questions of Scope and Scale Flexibility, Sharing of Information, and Mutual Learning in an Iterative Process That Is Supported by Robust Monitoring Transparency, Accountability, Access to Information, and Rights-Based Approaches Multisectoral Financing and Investment Planning Future Directions Cross-References References Governance Governance Beyond the State Governance of Traditional Local Institutions and Achieving SDG16 Synonyms Definitions Introduction Institution Strong Institutions or ``Good Governance ́ ́ What Are Traditional, Indigenous, or Informal Institutions? The Jurisdiction of Traditional Local Institutions How Traditional Local Institutions Govern The Way Forward with Traditional Local Institutions and Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals? Conclusion Cross-References References Grassroots Political Movement to Achieve SDGs in Developing Countries Definition(s) Introduction Why Does SDG1 Matter to Local Government? Why Does SDG2 Matter to Local Government? Why Does SDG 5 Matter to the Local Government? Why Does SDG6 Matter to Local Government? Why Does SDG13 Matter to Local Government? Why Does SDG16 Matter to Local Government? Grassroots Political Movements: Present Scenario In Quest of Strong Local Government Conclusion Cross-References References H Housing Discrimination Synonyms Definitions Introduction Racial and Ethnic Segregation in Housing Multitude of Housing Discrimination Forms Access to Housing Rights Enjoyment of Housing Rights Termination of Housing Rights Main Concerns and Future Directions Cross-References References Housing Exclusion Housing Segregation Human Trafficking Human Trafficking and the Sustainable Development Goals: Building on Solid Ground Synonyms Definition Introduction Addressing Human Trafficking Through International Law Definitional Issues The 3P Paradigm to Addressing Human Trafficking Prevention Prosecution Protection Cross-Cutting Obligations Counting Cases: Missing the Woods for the Tree Conclusion References I Identify Illicit Trafficking of Antiquities and Its Consequences on the SDGs Definitions The Antiquities Market The Relevance of Archaeological Objects Understanding the Illicit Trafficking of Antiquities The Process Source Transportation and Trade (Transit) An Example Case Conclusion Cross-References References Immanent Justice: Concept and Implications Definition Introduction Justice Challenging the Immanence of Justice Immanent Justice Research Immanent Justice Reasoning in Adults Belief in a Just World Contemporary Notions Underpinned by Immanent Justice Thinking The Sustainable Development Goal of Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions Conclusion Cross-References References Immorality Impact of Climate Justice and Climate Change Cost Distribution on SDGs Synonyms Definitions Introduction Climate Duties: A Thumbnail Sketch of Three Distributive Principles Distributive Principle I: The Polluter Pays Principle Distributive Principle II: The Equal per Capita Principle Distributive Principle III: The Ability to Pay Principle Political Institutions for the UN Sustainable Development Goal 16 Concluding Remarks Cross-References References Impact of Good Governance on Disaster Risk Management Synonyms Definition Introduction SDG 16 as an Enabling Factor of Disaster Risk Management The Preparedness Pathway The Response Pathway The Rehabilitation Pathway Conclusion Cross-References References Impurity Inclusive Governance Indigenous Ecological Knowledge Indigenous Institutions Indigenous Juridical Systems Indigenous Peoples: Conflict, Peace, and Resolution Synonyms Definitions Introduction Prevention of Conflict The Right to Self-Determination and Self-Governance The Principle of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent Access to Justice Indigenous Juridical Systems Restorative Justice Processes of Peace and Reconciliation Means for the Redress of Indigenous Peoples The Role of Truth and Reconciliation Processes: The Truth Commissions Final Remarks Cross-References References Inequality Influencing Inform Informal Concepts Informal Institutional Capital Informal Institutional Qualities Informal Rules Information Justice Informational Justice: Equity of Access, Implementation, and Interaction Synonyms Definition Foundations of Informational Justice Justice Information Availability and Global Human Rights Libraries and International Development Initiatives Informational Justice Within Organizations Technology and Informational Justice Beyond Distributive Justice and Access to Information Freedom and Open Information Capitalism and Commodification Information Literacy Fissures in Open Access Solutions Agents of Information User Control and Participation Conclusion Cross-References References Inspiring Instability Institution Building Institutional Innovation for Sustainability Definitions Introduction How Do Institutions Change and Why? New Institutionalism Approach Sustainability Transitions scholarship and why Institutional Innovation is key Best Practices and Challenges of Institutional Innovation for Sustainability Global, National, Regional, and Local Level Public, Private, Third and Fourth Sectors Conclusions and Future Directions to Adapting and Transforming Institutions in a Changing World: Implications to the SDGs Cross-References References Institutional Partnership Institutions Insurgency and Its Impact on the Attainment of Sustainable Development Goals Definitions Introduction Effects on Economic Sustainability Effects on Society, Development, and Politics Effects on Life, Properties, and Settlements Effects on Health and Living Condition Effects on Education Effects on Peace and Security Sustainable Counterinsurgency Operation Summary Cross-References References Insurgents Integration Interactive Governance Interest Articulation Internal International Collaboration International Human Rights Conventions International Human Rights Treaties and the Sustainable Development Goals Synonyms Definition Treaties in International Law Sources of International Law Definition of Treaty Nature of Treaty-Created Obligations Elements of a Treaty Validity, Creation Process, Respect by Parties, and Structure of Treaties International Human Rights Treaties Human Rights and International Human Rights Treaties The Relevance of International Human Rights Treaties and the Core Treaties of IHRL IHRL Treaties ́ Characteristics IHRL Treaties and the SDG Cross-References References International Resistance Networks for Anti-corruption: Multi-stakeholder Mechanisms Synonyms Definition Introduction Anti-corruption and Sustainable Development Goals Corruption Resistance Framework Institutional Efforts for Implementing Anti-corruption Initiatives Stakeholder ́s Engagement for Supporting Anti-corruption Initiatives Power of Access to Information for Supporting Anti-corruption Programs International Corruption Resistance Networks The United Nations (UN) The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Financial Action Task Force (FATF) European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) Transparency International (TI) The World Bank Group (WBG) Normative and Reporting Instruments of Anti-corruption Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) National-Level Corruption Resistance Initiatives Conclusions Cross-References References Internet Internet of Things Inter-sectoral Governance Intractable Isolationism J Jingoism Joined-Up Government Justice L Leaders and Followers Leadership Leadership and Sustainable Development: Perspectives, Principles, and Practices Synonyms Definition Introduction Selected Sustainability Practices Practice 1: Inspire a Sustainable, Shared Vision Practice 2: Build an Accountable, Clear, and Trusting Work Ecosystem Practice 3: Innovate to Build Sustainability Practice 4: Manage Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity Change Management Approaches for Leading Change The Impact of Change and Why Change Management Is Important Leading Strategic Change and Leadership Styles Key Drivers of Strategic Change Leadership Selected Individual and Organizational Change Management Models The Role of Psychology, Values, and Culture in Change Learning and Leading for Future Success Principles That Govern the Sustainable Leader Principle 1: Esteem the Value of Candour and Frankness Principle 2: Exercise Personal Humility and Ambition Principle 3: Act with Authenticity Principle 4: Care for Others Concluding Synthesis Acknowledgment References Leading Legal Aid: Promoting Sustainable Development Through Greater Access to Justice Definition Introduction Contribution of Legal Aid to Sustainable Development Criminal Legal Aid Civil Legal Aid Conclusion Cross-References References Legal Framework Legal Obligations of Non-state Armed Groups and Sustainable Development Goal 16 Synonyms Definition From Conflicts to ``Just, Peaceful and Inclusive Societies ́ ́/``Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions ́ ́: Where Do Nonstate Arm... What Is the Scope of Non-state Armed Groups ́ Obligations in International Humanitarian Law (IHL)? What Is the Scope of Non-state Armed Groups ́ Obligations in International Human Rights Law (IHRL)? How Do Non-state Armed Groups ́ International Humanitarian Law Obligations Relate to SDG 16 Targets? Practical Challenges: Ensuring and Enforcing Compliance Engagement with Nonstate Armed Groups to Induce Compliance with International Law Enforcement of International Law vis-à-vis Nonstate Armed Groups Cross-References References Linking New and Protracted Conflicts to SDG16: Patterns and Trends Synonyms Definition Introduction New Violent Conflicts Protracted Violent Conflicts Conclusions Cross-References References Local Ecological knowledge Local Governance Definition From Government to Governance Local Autonomy Networks and Actors Good Urban Governance Conclusion Cross-References References Local Leadership Local Leadership: Types and Functions Synonyms Definition Introduction Types of Local Leadership Authoritative Local Leaders Informal (Social) Local Leadership Functions of Local Leadership Bringing Integrity Engagement Equity and Inclusion Effectiveness Resilience and Development Strategic Leadership Planning Policy Community and Resident Service Service Delivery Technological Literacy Financial Management and Budgeting Workforce Engagement and Management Communication Conflict Mediation Conclusion Cross-References References Long Loyalism M Mass Atrocities: Definition and Relationship with Development Definition Introduction Defining Mass Atrocities Historical Development of the Concept of Mass Atrocity The Breadth of Mass Atrocity Crimes Mass Atrocity as an Umbrella Category of International Crimes Exploring the Relationship Between Mass Atrocities and Development Mass Atrocities ́ Destructive Impact on Individual, Societal, and Regional Development Mass Atrocities ́ Prevention Through Sustainable Development Cross-References Acknowledgment References Measuring Governance to Achieve Sustainable Development: Promises and Challenges Definitions Introduction Measuring SDG 16: A Framework The Challenge of Measuring and Monitoring Progress on Specific SDG 16 Targets Future Directions: The Political Economy of Measuring Governance Cross-References References Mediation Mental Health Misrepresentation Modern Slavery Moral Moving Toward an Informative and Transparent Justice System Definition Introduction The Legal Basis Access to Justice The Rule of Law Index The Danish Legal System The Length of Proceedings Independence of the Judiciary Access to Legal Aid Mediation and Judicial Settlement Conclusion References Multilateral and Unilateral Sanctions: Compliance and Challenges Synonyms Definition General Background on Sanctions The Difference Between Unilateral and Multilateral Sanctions UN Security Council Sanctions Based on Chapter VII of the UN Charter Refining Sanctions from ``Global ́ ́ to ``Targeted and Smart ́ ́ Implementing ``Targeted and Smart ́ ́ Sanctions Under Rule of Law Requirements Legal Tension Between the Multilateral Level and the Regional/National Level Sanctions-Related Administrative and Criminal Penalties The Cumbersome Compliance Challenge for Globalized Private Commerce Conclusions Cross-References References Multilevel Governance Multisectoral Governance N Nationalism Nations and Nationalism Synonyms Definition Introduction Empirical Theories of Nations Primordialism Modernist Explanations Ethno-symbolism Normative Theories of Nations Gender and Nation-States Multiculturalism and Nationhood Conclusion Cross-References References Native Communities Nepotism Network Governance New Technologies Impact on Conflicts Synonyms Definitions What Is New About New Technologies? New Technologies and the Cycle of Violent Conflicts Early Warning During Conflict Parties in Conflict Vulnerable Communities Post-Conflict Conflict Prevention Conclusion Cross-References References Non-aggression Pacts: Reducing the Risk of Armed Conflict and Improving Global Cooperation Synonyms Definitions Introduction The Effect of Non-aggression Pacts Reducing the Risk of Future Conflict Establishing Diplomatic Relations Signaling a Reduced Risk of Conflict to Third-Party States Historical View on Non-aggression Pacts Non-aggression Pacts Before 1945 Non-aggression Pacts After 1945 Non-aggression Pacts in Recent Years Conclusion Cross-References References Nongovernmental Armed Groups Non-state Parties to Conflict O Open Government: Conceptual Underpinnings, Benefits, and Relationship with SDGs Definitions Introduction Development of Open Government Concept Building Blocks of Open Government Transparency Participation Collaboration Technology Accountability Regulation and Law Open Gove The problems related to the process of industrialisation such as biodiversity depletion, climate change and a worsening of health and living conditions, especially but not only in developing countries, intensify. Therefore, there is an increasing need to search for integrated solutions to make development more sustainable. The United Nations has acknowledged the problem and approved the ?2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development?. On 1st January 2016, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the Agenda officially came into force. These goals cover the three dimensions of sustainable development: economic growth, social inclusion and environmental protection. The Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals comprehensively addresses the SDGs in an integrated way. The Encyclopedia encompasses 17 volumes, each one devoted to one of the 17 SDGs. This volume addresses SDG 16, namely "Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels" and contains the description of a range of terms, which allows a better understanding and fosters knowledge. Concretely, the defined targets are: Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all Significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decisionmaking at all levels Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance Provide legal identity for all, including birth registration Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development Editorial Board Alexandra Aragão, Julinda Beqiraj, Dênis Antônio da Cunha, Renata Welinski da Silva Seabra, Golda A. Edwin, Thomas Kaydor, Tehmina Khan, Amanda Lange Salvia, Paula Lopes, Petra Schneider, Pinar Gökçin Özuyar The Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals comprehensively addresses the Sustainable Development Goals in an integrated way. The Encyclopedia encompasses 17 volumes, each one devoted to one of the 17 SDGs. This volume addresses SDG 16, namely "Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels" and contains the description of a range of terms, which allows a better understanding and fosters knowledge. Concretely, the defined targets are: Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere, End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children, Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all, Significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime, Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms, Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels, Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decisionmaking at all levels, Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance, Provide legal identity for all, including birth registration, Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements, Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime, Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development