Peace and War: Armed Conflicts and International Order, 1648–1989 (Cambridge Studies in International Relations, Series Number 14)

In this book, Professor Holsti approaches the study of the origins of war and the foundations of peace from a distinct perspective. He asks three interrelated questions. Which issues generate conflict? How have attitudes towards war changed? And, what attempts have been made historically to create international orders and institutions that can manage, control or prevent international conflicts? Starting with the peace treaties of Munster and Osnabruck of 1648, Kalevi Holsti examines 177 international wars. Through these, he identifies the variety of conflict-producing issues and how they, as well as the attitudes of policy makers to the use of force, have changed over the last 350 years. He demonstrates how the orders established by the great peacemaking efforts of 1648, 1713, 1815, 1919 and 1945 attempted to solve the issues of the past, yet few successfully anticipated those of the future. Indeed, some created the basis of fresh conflicts. Frontmatter......Page 1 Contents......Page 9 List of figures......Page 12 List of tables......Page 13 Preface......Page 15 1 - ON THE STUDY OF WAR......Page 19 Explanatory configurations......Page 21 The promises and pitfalls of ecological variables......Page 24 The meanings of war......Page 27 What men fight about: issues and international conflict......Page 30 A map of a map......Page 34 Defining issues......Page 35 Data sources: geographical and temporal domains......Page 38 Issues, war, and peace: creating international orders......Page 39 2 - MÜNSTER AND OSNABRÜCK, 1648: PEACE BY PIECES......Page 43 The Thirty Years War......Page 44 Planning for peace......Page 47 Negotiations at Münster and Osnabrück......Page 50 Outcomes......Page 52 A new order for Europe?......Page 55 3 - WAR AND PEACE IN THE ERA OF THE HEROIC WARRIORS, 1648--1713......Page 61 Issues that generated wars......Page 64 Attitudes to war......Page 81 4 - ACT TWO OF THE HEGEMONY DRAMA: THE UTRECHT SETTLEMENTS......Page 89 The British "Plan"......Page 91 Outcomes......Page 94 Analysis......Page 97 5 - THE LETHAL MINUET: WAR AND PEACE AMONG THE PRINCES OF CHRISTENDOM, 1715--1814......Page 101 Isssues that generated wars......Page 105 War in the post-Utrecht international system......Page 120 The meaning of war......Page 123 The problem of peace......Page 129 6 - PEACE THROUGH EQUILIBRIUM: THE SETTLEMENTS OF 1814--1815......Page 132 Diagnoses......Page 134 Solutions......Page 137 Forging the settlement......Page 145 Allied unity unraveled: defining threats to peace......Page 148 Assessment......Page 150 7 - CONFLICT AND CONSENT, 1815--1914......Page 156 War and intervention in Concert Europe......Page 157 New war-generating issues......Page 163 Old and declining issues......Page 168 The character of war preparation......Page 174 The meaning of war......Page 176 The problem of peace......Page 182 Nation-state creation and system breakdown......Page 187 8 - 1919: PEACE THROUGH DEMOCRACY AND COVENANT......Page 193 Woodrow Wilson: the moral--political universe......Page 199 Replacing the old with the new: the moral and political foundations of enduring peace......Page 202 The political foundations of the new international order: democracy, covenants, and arms control......Page 203 Peace through a preponderance of power: Clemenceau......Page 207 Peace through conflict resolution mechanisms: the British contribution......Page 212 Paris 1919: the importance of preliminaries and procedures......Page 214 The drama of the League of Nations Commission......Page 217 The German settlement......Page 223 Evaluation......Page 226 9 - WAR AS THE AFTERMATH OF PEACE: INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT, 1918--1941......Page 231 Issues that generated wars, 1918--1941......Page 235 Attitudes toward war......Page 246 10 - PEACE BY POLICING......Page 261 Wilson revisited and revised: the United States......Page 263 Balance of power: Great Britain and the postwar order......Page 269 Security through expansion: Stalin and the postwar order......Page 272 Changing American conceptions of international security......Page 282 Dealing with issues: past and future in international organization......Page 285 11 - THE DIVERSIFICATION OF WARFARE: ISSUES AND ATTITUDES IN THE CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM......Page 289 The issues......Page 302 Attitudes toward war......Page 303 12 - WAR: ISSUES, ATTITUDES, AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 324 Territory......Page 325 Ideology and war......Page 329 Economics and war......Page 332 Human sympathy: ethnicity, religion, and war......Page 335 Predation and survival......Page 336 Remaining issues......Page 337 Issues of the future......Page 342 Attitudes and war......Page 343 Issues, war, and international theory......Page 346 13 - THE PEACEMAKERS: ISSUES AND INTERNATIONAL ORDER......Page 353 The prerequisites for peace......Page 354 Peacemaking and international order: a comparison......Page 358 The peacemakers: theories of peace......Page 366 References......Page 372 Additional data sources......Page 386 Index......Page 389 In this book, Professor Holsti approaches the study of the origins of war and the foundations of peace from a new perspective. He asks three interrelated questions. Which issues generate conflict? How have attitudes toward war changed? And, what attempts have been made historically to create international institutions and orders that can manage, control or prevent international conflicts? Starting with the peace treaties of Munster and Osnabruck of 1648, Kalevi Holsti examines 177 international wars. Through these, he identifies the variety of conflict-producing issues and how they, as well as the attitudes of policy makers to the use of force, have changed over the past 350 years. He demonstrates how the new orders established by the great peace-making efforts of 1648, 1713, 1815, 1919 and 1945 attempted to solve the issues of the past, yet few successfully anticipated those of the future. Indeed, some created the basis of new conflicts. In this book, Professor Holsti approaches the study of the origins of war and the foundations of peace from a distinct perspective. The author identifies the variety of conflict-producing issues and the attitudes of policy makers to the use of force, which have changed over the last 350 years. Kalevi J. Holsti. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 354-367) And Index.