Passion and Restraint : Poles and Poland in Western Diplomacy, 1914–1921

How attitudes toward national character and emotions informed key decisions and helped shape the new international order. Western policymakers knew little about Poland in 1914, but by the end of the First World War were drawing the new country’s borders, sending humanitarian aid, and imposing minority protections. __Passion and Restraint__ examines how British, French, and American foreign policymakers interacted with Poles and the notion of an independent Poland. "Much of today’s international order can be traced to the experimentations with governance that occurred in central Europe immediately after World War I. And though western governments did not bring about the creation of Poland on their own or determine all of its eventual borders, their attempts to do so left many lingering grudges and made the years immediately following the First World War a crucial period in Polish and international history. Passion and Restraint examines how British, French, and American foreign policymakers interacted with Poles and the idea of an independent Poland during this period. Western policymakers knew little about Poland at the start of the war in 1914, but by war’s end were drawing the new country’s borders, sending humanitarian aid, and imposing minority protections. Attitudes regarding national character and emotional restraint were central, intertwined themes in British, French, and American diplomacy during this period of Polish rebirth, and policymakers’ opinions of this national character evolved based on personal experiences, political conditions, and dominant understandings of the Polish people in the early twentieth century. Amid these changing attitudes, policymakers’ emphasis on the necessity for Polish emotional restraint was a constant theme. Demonstrating how emotions and stereotypes were integral to diplomatic decision-making, Passion and Restraint brings attention to these often-overlooked historical factors, advancing a new lens for the study of Polish, European, and international history."-- Provided by publisher Much of today's international order can be traced to the experimentations with governance that occurred in central Europe immediately after World War I. And though Western governments did not bring about the creation of Poland on their own or determine all of its eventual borders, their attempts to do so left many lingering grudges and made the years immediately following the war a crucial period in Polish and international history. Passion and Restraint examines how British, French, and American foreign policymakers interacted with Poles and the idea of an independent Poland during this period. Western policymakers knew little about Poland in 1914, but by war's end they were drawing the new country's borders, sending humanitarian aid, and imposing minority protections. Attitudes regarding national character and emotional restraint were central, intertwined themes in British, French, and American diplomacy during this period of Polish rebirth, and policymakers' opinions of national character evolved based on personal experiences, political conditions, and dominant understandings of the Polish people in the early twentieth century. Amid these changing attitudes, policymakers emphasized the necessity of Polish emotional restraint. Demonstrating how emotions and stereotypes were integral to diplomatic decision-making, Passion and Restraint brings attention to these often-overlooked historical factors, advancing a new lens for the study of Polish, European, and international history. Cover 1 Copyright 5 Contents 6 Figures 8 Acknowledgments 10 Note on Place Names 14 Introduction 18 1 An “Internal” Russian Problem, 1914–15 33 2 Sympathy for Suffering 55 3 Commitments and Plans, 1918 80 4 The Polish Territorial Settlement at Paris, 1919 104 5 Stabilizing Poland’s Domestic Affairs,1919 137 6 Hoping for Compromise, 1919–21 165 Conclusion 197 Notes 208 Bibliography 266 Index 302 McGill-Queen’s,University,Press,2022,ISBN,978-0-2280-1188-0,(cloth),ISBN,978-0-2280-1262-7,(ePDF),ISBN,978-0-2280-1263-4,(ePUB) McGill-Queen’s University Press 2022,ISBN 978-0-2280-1188-0 (cloth),ISBN 978-0-2280-1262-7 (ePDF),ISBN 978-0-2280-1263-4 (ePUB)