Particles, Bubbles And Drops: Their Motion, Heat And Mass Transfer Their Motion, Heat and Mass Transfer

Contents......Page 10 Preface......Page 8 1.1 Historical background......Page 15 1.1.1 Forces exerted by a fluid and the equation of motion......Page 16 1.1.2 Heat transfer......Page 21 1.2 Terminology and nomenclature......Page 23 1.2.1 Common terms and definitions......Page 24 1.2.2.1 Latin symbols......Page 25 1.2.2.2 Greek symbols......Page 26 1.2.2.4 Superscripts......Page 27 1.2.4 Dimensionless numbers (Lch=2a)......Page 28 1.3 Examples of applications in science and technology......Page 29 1.3.1 Oil and gas pipelines......Page 30 1.3.2 Geothermal wells......Page 31 1.3.4 Sediment flow......Page 32 1.3.5 Steam condensation......Page 33 1.3.7 Spray drying......Page 34 1.3.8 Pneumatic conveying......Page 35 1.3.9 Fluidized beds......Page 36 2.1 Fundamental equations of a continuum......Page 37 2.1.1 The concept of a material continuum - basic assumptions......Page 38 2.1.2 Fundamental equations in integral form......Page 41 2.1.3 Fundamental equations in differential form......Page 47 2.1.4 Generalized form of the fundamental equations......Page 50 2.1.5 Conservation equations at the interfaces - jump conditions......Page 51 2.2 Conservation equations for a single particle bubble or drop......Page 55 2.3 Characteristics of particles bubbles and drops......Page 57 2.3.1.1 Symmetric particles......Page 58 2.3.1.2 Asymmetric or irregular particles......Page 59 2.3.2 Shapes of bubbles and drops in motion - shape maps......Page 62 2.4 Discrete and continuous size distributions......Page 67 2.4.1 Useful parameters in discrete size distributions......Page 68 2.4.2 Continuous size distributions......Page 72 2.4.3 Drop distribution functions......Page 73 3.1 Conservation equations......Page 77 3.1.1 Heat-mass transfer analogy......Page 79 3.1.2 Mass momentum and heat transfer - Transport coefficients......Page 80 3.2 Steady motion and heat/mass transfer at creeping flow......Page 83 3.3 Transient creeping flow motion......Page 88 3.3.1 Notes on the history term......Page 90 3.3.2 Hydrodynamic force on a viscous sphere......Page 94 3.3.3 Equation of motion with interfacial slip......Page 95 3.3.4 Transient motion of an expanding or collapsing bubble......Page 98 3.4 Transient heat/mass transfer at creeping flow......Page 99 3.5 Hydrodynamic force and heat transfer for a spheroid at creeping flow......Page 103 3.6 Steady motion and heat/mass transfer at small Re and Pe......Page 107 3.7 Transient hydrodynamic force at small Re......Page 110 3.8 Transient heat/mass transfer at small Pe......Page 116 4.1.1 Flow around rigid spheres......Page 121 4.1.2 Flow inside and around viscous spheres......Page 128 4.2.1 Drag on rigid spheres......Page 132 4.2.2 Heat transfer from rigid spheres......Page 135 4.2.3 Radiation effects......Page 136 4.2.4 Drag on viscous spheres......Page 138 4.2.5 Heat transfer from viscous spheres......Page 142 4.2.6 Drag on viscous spheres with mass transfer - Blowing effects......Page 147 4.2.7 Heat transfer from viscous spheres with mass transfer - Blowing effects......Page 150 4.2.8 Effects of compressibility and rarefaction......Page 155 4.3 Transient hydrodynamic force......Page 158 4.4 Transient heat transfer......Page 165 4.4.1 Transient temperature measurements......Page 169 5.1 Transport coefficients of rigid particles at low Re......Page 171 5.1.1 Hydrodynamic force and drag coefficients......Page 172 5.1.2 Heat and mass transfer coefficients......Page 175 5.2.1 Drag coefficients for disks and spheroids......Page 179 5.2.2 Drag coefficients and flow patterns around cylinders......Page 182 5.2.3 Drag coefficients of irregular particles......Page 186 5.3.1 Heat transfer coefficients for disks and spheroids......Page 189 5.3.2 Heat transfer coefficients for cylinders......Page 191 5.3.3 Heat transfer coefficients for irregular particles......Page 193 5.4.1 Drag coefficients......Page 195 5.4.2 Heat transfer coefficients......Page 204 6 Effects of rotation shear and boundaries......Page 205 6.1 Effects of relative rotation......Page 206 6.2 Effects of flow shear......Page 209 6.3 Effects of boundaries......Page 216 6.3.1 Main flow perpendicular to the boundary......Page 217 6.3.2 Main flow parallel to the boundary......Page 219 6.3.3 Equilibrium positions of spheres above horizontal boundaries......Page 225 6.4.1 Rigid spheres......Page 227 6.4.2 Viscous spheres......Page 231 6.4.3 Immersed objects at off-center positions......Page 232 6.4.4 Taylor bubbles......Page 233 6.4.5 Effects of enclosures on the heat and mass transfer......Page 235 6.5 Effects of boundaries on bubble and drop deformation......Page 236 6.6 A note on the lift force in transient flows......Page 239 7.1 Effects of free stream turbulence......Page 241 7.2 Turbulence modulation......Page 246 7.3 Drag reduction......Page 252 7.4.1 The trajectory model......Page 256 7.4.2 The Monte-Carlo method......Page 257 7.4.3 The two-fluid model......Page 265 7.5 Heat transfer in pipelines with particulates......Page 268 7.6 Turbophoresis and wall deposition......Page 270 7.7 Turbulence and coalescence of viscous spheres......Page 274 8.1 Electrophoresis......Page 275 8.1.1 Electrophoretic motion......Page 276 8.1.2 Electro-osmosis......Page 278 8.1.3 Effects of the double layer on the electrophoretic motion......Page 279 8.1.4 Electrophoresis in capillaries-microelectrophoresis......Page 282 8.2 Brownian motion......Page 284 8.3 Thermophoresis......Page 286 8.3.1 Particle interactions and wall effects in thermophoresis......Page 292 8.3.2 Thermophoresis in turbulent flows......Page 294 8.4 Porous particles......Page 296 8.4.1 Surface boundary conditions......Page 297 8.4.2 Drag force on a porous sphere at low Re......Page 298 8.4.3 Heat transfer from porous particles......Page 299 8.4.4 Mass transfer from an object inside a porous medium......Page 300 9.1 Interactions between dispersed objects......Page 303 9.1.1 Hydrodynamic interactions......Page 304 9.1.2 Thermal interactions and phase change......Page 310 9.2 Effects of concentration......Page 311 9.2.1 Effects on the hydrodynamic force......Page 312 9.2.2 Effects on the heat transfer......Page 320 9.3 Collisions of spheres......Page 321 9.3.1 Hard sphere model......Page 322 9.3.2 Soft-sphere model......Page 325 9.3.3 Drop collisions and coalescence......Page 326 9.4 Collisions with a wall - Mechanical effects......Page 330 9.5 Heat transfer during wall collisions......Page 332 9.5.1 Spray deposition......Page 333 9.5.2 Cooling enhancement by drop impingement......Page 336 9.5.3 Critical heat flux with drops......Page 337 10.1 Molecular dynamics......Page 339 10.1.1 MD applications with particles bubbles and drops......Page 345 10.2 Stokesian dynamics......Page 347 10.3 Statistical methods......Page 351 10.3.1 The probability distribution function (PDF)......Page 352 11 Numerical methods-CFD......Page 357 11.1.1 Primitive variables......Page 359 11.1.2 Streamfunction-vorticity......Page 360 11.1.3 False transients......Page 361 11.2 Finite difference method......Page 362 11.3.1 The spectral method......Page 364 11.3.2 The finite element and finite volume methods......Page 365 11.4 The Lattice-Boltzmann method......Page 368 11.5 The force coupling method......Page 373 11.6.1 Direct numerical simulations (DNS)......Page 374 11.6.2 Reynolds decomposition and averaged equations......Page 378 11.6.3 The k-E model......Page 379 11.6.4 Large Eddy simulations (LES)......Page 381 11.7 Potential flow-boundary integral method......Page 384 References......Page 387 Subject Index......Page 421 1. Introduction. 1.1. Historical background. 1.2. Terminology and nomenclature. 1.3. Examples of applications in science and technology -- 2. Fundamental equations and characteristics of particles, bubbles and drops. 2.1. Fundamental equations of a continuum. 2.2. Conservation equations for a single particle, bubble or drop. 2.3. Characteristics of particles, bubbles and drops. 2.4. Discrete and continuous size distributions -- 3. Low Reynolds number flows. 3.1. Conservation equations. 3.2. Steady motion and heat/mass transfer at creeping flow. 3.3. Transient, creeping flow motion. 3.4 Transient heat/mass transfer at creeping flow. 3.5. Hydrodynamic force and heat transfer for a spheroid at creeping flow. 3.6. Steady motion and heat/mass transfer at small Re and Pe. 3.7. Transient hydrodynamic force at small Re. 3.8. Transient heat/mass transfer at small Pe -- 4. High Reynolds number flows. 4.1. Flow fields around rigid and fluid spheres. 4.2. Steady hydrodynamic force and heat transfer. 4.3. Transient hydrodynamic force. 4.4. Transient heat transfer -- 5. Non-spherical particles, bubbles and drops. 5.1. Transport coefficients of rigid particles at low Re. 5.2. Hydrodynamic force for rigid particles at high Re. 5.3. Heat transfer for rigid particles at high Re. 5.4. Non-spherical bubbles and drops -- 6. Effects of rotation, shear and boundaries. 6.1. Effects of relative rotation. 6.2. Effects of flow shear. 6.3. Effects of boundaries. 6.4. Constrained motion in an enclosure. 6.5. Effects of boundaries on bubble and drop deformation. 6.6. A note on the lift force in transient flows -- 7. Effects of turbulence. 7.1. Effects of free stream turbulence. 7.2. Turbulence modulation. 7.3. Drag reduction. 7.4. Turbulence models for immersed objects. 7.5. Heat transfer in pipelines with particulates. 7.6. Turbophoresis and wall deposition. 7.7. Turbulence and coalescence of viscous spheres -- 8. Electro-kinetic, thermo-kinetic and porosity effects. 8.1. Electrophoresis. 8.2. Brownian motion. 8.3. Thermophoresis. 8.4. Porous particles -- 9. Effects of higher concentration and collisions. 9.1. Interactions between dispersed objects. 9.2. Effects of concentration. 9.3. Collisions of spheres. 9.4. Collisions with a wall-mechanical effects. 9.5. Heat transfer during wall collisions -- 10. Molecular and statistical modeling. 10.1. Molecular dynamics. 10.2. Stokesian dynamics. 10.3. Statistical methods -- 11. Numerical methods-CFD. 11.1 Forms of Navier-Stokes equations used in CFD. 11.2. Finite difference method. 11.3. Spectral and finite-element methods. 11.4. The Lattice-Boltzmann method. 11.5. The force coupling method. 11.6. Turbulent flow models. 11.7. Potential flow-boundary integral method

the Field Of Multiphase Flows Has Grown By Leaps And Bounds In The Last Thirty Years And Is Now Regarded As A Major Discipline. Engineering Applications, Products And Processes With Particles, Bubbles And Drops Have Consistently Grown In Number And Importance. An Increasing Number Of Conferences, Scientific Fora And Archived Journals Are Dedicated To The Dissemination Of Information On Flow, Heat And Mass Transfer Of Fluids With Particles, Bubbles And Drops. Numerical Computations And Thought Experiments Have Supplemented Most Physical Experiments And A Great Deal Of The Product Design And Testing Processes. The Literature On Computational Fluid Dynamics With Particles, Bubbles And Drops Has Grown At An Exponential Rate, Giving Rise To New Results, Theories And Better Understanding Of The Transport Processes With Particles, Bubbles And Drops. This Book Captures And Summarizes All These Advances In A Unified, Succinct And Pedagogical Way.