Parochialism, Cosmopolitanism, and the Foundations of International Law (ASIL Studies in International Legal Theory)

This book examines the boundary between parochial and cosmopolitan justice. Parochialism and cosmopolitanism are two faces of international law, which recognizes our common humanity by protecting us in our differences. Essays in this book ask to what extent law should recognize or support the political, historical, cultural and economic differences among nations. Nine lawyers and philosophers from five continents consider whether certain states or persons deserve special treatment, exemptions or heightened duties under international law. Contributors draw the line between international law, national jurisdiction and the private autonomy of persons. PAROCHIALISM, COSMOPOLITANISM, AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 2 Title 6 Copyright 7 Dedication 8 Contents 10 Notes on Contributors 12 Preface 14 1 Introduction 16 2 Parochialism and the Legitimacy of International Law 31 I. WHAT IS LEGITIMACY? 32 II. THE STANDARD OF LEGITIMACY: CONSENT OR SERVICE? 35 III. PAROCHIALISM (1): SKEPTICISM 41 IV. PAROCHIALISM (2): PLURALISM 48 V. CONCLUSION 53 3 Parochialism, Cosmopolitanism, and the Paradigms of International Law 55 I. OBJECTIVES OF THE INQUIRY AND ITS PLACE IN LEGAL SCHOLARSHIP 55 A. Paradigms of International Law 55 B. International Legal Scholarship: Tasks, Methods, and the Role of Theory 58 1. Practical Legal Scholarship and Conceptual Thought 58 2. Theoretical Legal Scholarship 62 II. UNIVERSALISM, PARTICULARISM, AND THE LEGITIMACY OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 65 A. Defining the Problem 66 1. The Growing “Publicness” of Public International Law and Its Nonparliamentary Nature 66 2. Globalization 69 3. Legitimacy – in Particular, Democratic Legitimacy 72 B. Effects of Globalization on States and Their Resources of Legitimacy 74 1. Globalization as a Threat to National Self-Determination 74 2. Globalization as an Instrument of Democratization 77 C. Strategies to Respond to the Challenge 79 1. The Particularistic-Parochial Response: State Sovereignty as the Leading Principle 80 2. The Universalistic-Cosmopolitan Responses: Universal Law versus State-Centered Integration 83 D. New Approaches 89 III. PARTICULARISM: THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF GLOBAL ORDER 91 A. The Core of the Paradigm 91 B. Three Variants of the Paradigm 91 C. The American Neocons 95 1. The Critique of International Order through Public International Law 96 2. Hegemonic Order 99 IV. UNIVERSALISM: THE POSSIBILITY OF GLOBAL ORDER 103 A. Two Strands 104 1. The Metaphysical Tradition: The Legacy of Christianity and the Theory of the Natural and Universal Sociability of Humans 104 2. Contract Theory 108 B. Constitutionalism as the Most Visible Contemporary Offspring 111 1. International Law as a Common Law of Humankind 113 2. A Revolutionized Understanding of the Institutional Order 115 3. The Substratum and Legitimacy of International Law 121 C. A More Cosmopolitan Vision of Global Order 125 V. CONCLUSION 128 4 Liberal Cosmopolitanism or Cosmopolitan Liberalism? 133 I. LIBERAL THEORY: FROM THE NATION-STATE TO THE INTERNATIONAL 139 II. COSMOPOLITAN PEACE: REPUBLICAN STATES, (CON)FEDERATION, AND COSMOPOLITAN RIGHT 144 III. COSMOPOLITAN PEACE: COSMOPOLITAN RIGHT AND THE WAY OF COMMERCE 151 IV. THE NEW COSMOPOLITANISTS AND THEIR PROJECTS 157 A. Distributive Justice and the Cosmopolitan Project 158 B. Global Governance and the Cosmopolitan Project 159 V. CONCLUSION 161 5 Are Human Rights Parochial? 164 I. A QUICK SKETCH OF THE PERSONHOOD ACCOUNT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 164 II. A QUICK SKETCH OF THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF HUMAN RIGHTS 166 III. ETHICAL RELATIVITY 169 IV. THE RELATIVITY OF HUMAN RIGHTS 173 V. WHAT IS THE PROBLEM OF ETHNOCENTRICITY? 177 VI. TOLERANCE 183 6 The Parochial Foundations of Cosmopolitan Rights 187 I. INTRODUCTION 187 II. AMBIGUITIES IN THE CONCEPT OF RIGHTS 191 III. LIBERALISM, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND THE STATE 197 IV. NEOLIBERALISM, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND THE PROBLEM OF THE “PARIAH STATE” 205 V. THE AGE OF RIGHTS IN THE AGE OF TERROR 211 VI. HUMAN RIGHTS, DEMOCRACY, AND THE RULE OF LAW 220 VII. CONCLUSION 223 7 Rights in Reverse: International Human Rights as Obligations 227 I. INTRODUCTION 227 II. THE NATURE OF RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS 229 III. RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS IN LEGAL CULTURE 231 IV. RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS IN OPERATION: MODERN SLAVERY IN WEST AFRICA 235 V. CONCLUSION 238 8 Parochial Restraints on Religious Liberty 240 I. INTRODUCTION 240 II. UNIVERSALISM AND RELIGIOUS PAROCHIALISM IN THE EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW GENERALLY 241 III. UNIVERSALISM AND RELIGIOUS PAROCHIALISM IN THE EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STANDARDS ON RELIGIOUS LIBERTY AND THE FREEDOM TO CHANGE ONES RELIGION OR BELIEF 242 IV. CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES TO FREEDOM TO CHANGE ONES RELIGION OR BELIEF 245 A. Challenges from Advocates of Religious Preferences 245 B. Challenges from Advocates of Interreligious Peace 247 C. Challenges from Advocates of the Rights of Religious Communities 248 D. Challenges from Advocates of a Liberal or “Social Contract” Theory 248 V. TOWARD “UNITY IN DIVERSITY” IN INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW ON RELIGIOUS FREEDOM 251 A. “Unity in Diversity,” Freedom of Moral Choice, and Open-Minded Consultation as Fundamental Ethical Principles in International Law 253 B. “Unity in Diversity” and Other Fundamental Ethical Principles in Religious Law 257 VI. TOWARD A NEW SYNTHESIS RELATING TO FREEDOM TO CHANGE ONES RELIGION OR BELIEF 259 9 Parochialism, Cosmopolitanism, and Justice 265 I. PAROCHIALISM 268 II. PAROCHIALISM 271 III. JUSTICE 274 IV. THE DOMESTIC JURISDICTION OF STATES 278 V. PAROCHIAL EXCEPTIONS TO INTERNATIONAL LAW 282 VI. DRAWING THE LINES 284 vii. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 287 Index 292 This Book Determines The Boundary Between Parochial And Cosmopolitan Justice. To What Extent Should Law Recognize Or Support The Political, Historical, Cultural, And Economic Differences Among Nations? Ten Lawyers And Philosophers From Five Continents Consider Whether Certain States Or Persons Deserve Special Treatment Or Exemptions Or Heightened Duties Under International Law. Parochialism And Cosmopolitanism Are The Two Faces Of International Law, Which Recognizes Our Common Humanity By Protecting Us In Our Differences-- Parochialism And The Legitimacy Of International Law / John Tasioulas -- Parochialism, Cosmopolitanism And The Paradigms Of International Law / Armin Von Bogdandy And Sergio Dellavalle -- Liberal Cosmopolitanism Or Cosmopolitan Liberalism? / Ileana M. Porras -- Are Human Rights Parochial? / James Griffin -- The Parochial Foundations Of Cosmopolitan Rights / Maxwell O. Chibundu -- Rights In Reverse : International Human Rights As Obligations / Chios Carmody -- Parochial Restraints On Religious Liberty / Brian D. Lepard -- Parochialism, Cosmopolitanism And Justice / Mortimer Sellers. [edited By] M.n.s. Sellers. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. This book examines the boundary between parochial and cosmopolitan justice. To what extent should international law recognize or support the political, historical, cultural, and economic differences among nations? Ten lawyers and philosophers from five continents consider whether certain states or persons deserve special treatment, exemptions, or heightened duties under international law. This volume draws the line between international law, national jurisdiction, and the private autonomy of persons. This book examines the boundary between parochial and cosmopolitan justice. Nine lawyers and philosophers from five continents consider whether certain states or persons deserve special treatment, exemptions or heightened duties under international law. Essays draw the line between international law, national jurisdiction and the private autonomy of persons.