Parent-Child Separation: Causes, Consequences, and Pathways to Resilience (National Symposium on Family Issues, 1)

"This book examines the similarities in children's short- and long-term development and adjustment when they have been separated from their parents because of larger institutional forces. It addresses the unique circumstances and the similarities faced by parents and children under three different institutional contexts of separation: parental migration and deportation, parental incarceration, and parental military deployment. Chapters describe the difficulties faced by families in each of these circumstances, along with the challenges in conducting research under the multidimensional and dynamic complexities of parent-child separation. Finally, the volume offers recommendations for creating supportive structures and interventions for families facing separation that can bolster youth well-being in childhood and beyond. Featured areas of coverage include: Parental migration. Parental incarceration. Parental military deployment. Undocumented migration and deportation. Child-parent relationship and child resilience and adjustment. Parent-Child Separation is a must-have resource for researchers, professors, clinicians, professionals, and graduate students in developmental psychology, family studies, public health, clinical social work, educational policy, and migration studies as well as all interrelated disciplines, including sociology, criminology, demography, prevention science, political science, and economics."--Cover page 4 Acknowledgments About the Book Contents Contributors About the Editors Part I: Parental Migration and Deportation Chapter 1: Safe-Zone Schools and Children with Undocumented Parents Parental Deportation and Child Educational Outcomes Safe-Zone Schools Data Between the Lines (BTL) Survey Data on Safe-Zone School Policies Data on Immigration Enforcement Descriptive Statistics Methods Do Safe Zones Protect the Academic Advancement of Children? Summary, Future Work, and Preliminary Conclusions Appendix References Chapter 2: Trauma, Loss, and Empowerment: Impacts of Immigration Enforcement The Children of Immigration Enforcement Adverse Childhood Experiences: Longitudinal Perspectives Research Design Impacts: Trauma, Loss, Empowerment On Trauma On Loss On Empowerment Discussion and Conclusion References Chapter 3: Migrant Mothers’ and Youths’ Experiences of Separation and Reunification Sociopolitical and Sociohistorical Contexts for Migration Migration-Related Family Separation, Attachment, and Psychological Outcomes Parent-Child Reunification Study Methods Procedures Semi-structured Interview Guide Participants Coding and Analyses Results: Disruption During Separation Maternal Mental Health and Self-Blame Youth Mental Health Previous Separations from Fathers Coping During Separation Finding Meaning in Sacrifice Connecting to Faith and Supportive Others; Distraction and Activity Coping Through Emotional Avoidance Alternative Caregiving During Separation: Sources of Protection and Risk Protective Caregivers Alternative Caregivers as Sources of Risk Communication During Separation: Protective and Complicated Communication to Protect the Relationship Complications to Communication Making Plans to Reunify Separation During Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) Detention Complicated Mother-Child Reunifications Parenting Stress Disrupted Trust Prior Trauma Complicates Reunification Youths’ Grieving and Loss Resiliency Post-reunification Rebuilding the Relationship Integration into New Families and Communities Blended Families Integration into the Community Preliminary Impressions and Next Steps Conclusion References Part II: Parental Incarceration Chapter 4: Parental Incarceration and Young Children’s Development: Pathways to Resilience Risk and Resilience in Young Children with Incarcerated Parents Young Children with Jailed Parents Study Sesame Street Intervention Study Child-Friendly Visit Program Evaluation Enhanced Visits in Jail Study Incarceration-Related Risk Factors Witnessing Parental Arrest: Impact on Children’s Development Witnessing Parental Arrest and Stress Incarceration-Related Protective Factors and Pathways to Resilience Attachment to At-Home Caregivers Parent-Child Visits During Incarceration Limitations and Recommendations Implications for Evidence-Based Policies and Programs Criminal Justice Policies for Parental Arrest Criminal Justice Policy for Parent-Child Visits Family-Focused Programs in Corrections Facilities and During Reentry Conclusion References Chapter 5: Paternal Incarceration: Resilience in Father-Child Relationships Background Importance of Father-Child Relationships A Family Systems Perspective on Paternal Incarceration Paternal Incarceration and Bonds Between Fathers and Children Alternative Possibilities Methods Quantitative Analyses Qualitative Analyses Results: Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study Father-Child Relationships by Paternal Incarceration Results: Jail & Family Life Study Fractured Relationships: “Missing a Part of Us” Unchanged Relationships: “It Didn’t Have an Effect on Me” Reestablishing Relationships: “We’re All Happy Now” Discussion References Chapter 6: Parental Incarceration and Other Family-Based Risks Parental Incarceration and Other Family-Related Risks Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study Data Measures The Family Climate Parent Problem Behaviors Parenting Household Social and Material Resources The Network or Wider Circle Multigenerational Family Contexts Family-Based Strengths and Resilience Conclusion References Part III: Parental Military Deployment Chapter 7: Parental Deployment and Military Children: A Century of Research History of Military Family Programs and Policies Parental Separation and Military Children: Research Prior to 2000 Parental Deployment and Military Children: Research Since 2000 Addressing Limitations of Existing Research A New Study: Operation Military Experience Translating Research for Support and Intervention Future Directions for Research and Support References Chapter 8: Children’s Mental Health, Deployment, Parental Mental Health, and Family Dynamics: Findings from the Millennium Cohort Family Study Method Millennium Cohort and Family Study Surveys Demographic Characteristics Parental Mental Health Indicators Global Indicator of Parental Social Functioning Family Satisfaction Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Children’s Mental Health Conditions Data Analysis Results Parental Demographic and Mental Health Characteristics Military and Family Characteristics Indicators of Children’s Mental Health Discussion Conclusion References Chapter 9: Strengthening Parenting in Deployed Military Families Impact of Deployment on Children and Families Family Stress Models A Military Family Stress Model Social Interaction Learning Theory Testing ADAPT Study Implementation: Challenges and Benefits Measures Outcomes of the ADAPT Program: Findings from the First RCT Implications for Research and Practice References Part IV: Overview and Next Steps Chapter 10: Parent-Child Separation: Children and Family Adjustment in the Context of Parental Migration, Deployment, and Incarceration Parent-Child Separation and Family Members’ Outcomes Parent-Child Separation and Family Processes Experiencing Parental Separation: Multiple Adversities Among Families Resilience in the Context of Parent-Child Separation Future Directions Filling in the Gaps Theoretical Frameworks Research Designs and Methods Intervention: Family-Based Intervention Policy: Focusing on Children and Family Well-Being Conclusion References Correction to: Children’s Mental Health, Deployment, Parental Mental Health, and Family Dynamics: Findings from the Millennium Cohort Family Study Index