Parasites: Immunity And Pathology : The Consequences Of Parasitic Infections In Mammals

The topics of parasitism, parasite-induced pathology and relevant host response are interrelated, yet their interdependence is rarely appreciated. This collection of studies, illustrated by landmark experiments, emphasize this fundamental aspect of Book Cover......Page 1 Half-Title......Page 2 Dedication......Page 3 Title......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 16 Contributors......Page 18 1.2 HOST-PARASITE ARMS RACES......Page 19 Adaptation budgets......Page 20 1.3. PARASITISM: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES......Page 21 1.4. PATHOLOGY......Page 22 1.5. PARASITISM AS A FORCE IN EVOLUTION......Page 24 1.6. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IMMUNITY AND PATHOLOGY......Page 26 1.7. THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PARASITIC INFECTIONS......Page 29 1.8. PATHOLOGY AND VACCINATION......Page 30 1.9. THE VICIOUS CIRCLE......Page 32 REFERENCES......Page 33 2.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 37 Trypanosome variant surface glycoproteins (VSG)......Page 38 Leishmania glycoconjugates......Page 39 Malaria stage-specific antigens......Page 41 Schistosome antigens......Page 45 Nematode antigens......Page 47 2.4. ANTIGENS CONSERVED BETWEEN HOST AND PARASITE......Page 49 REFERENCES......Page 50 3.2. BONE MARROW AS THE SOURCE OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS......Page 53 Cytokines drive bone marrow cell differentiation......Page 55 Cytokines act in a hierarchical way to control haemopoiesis......Page 57 Differential production of cytokines by helper T-cell subsets......Page 58 Monocytes/macrophages......Page 59 Mast cells......Page 60 Eosinophils......Page 63 Basophils......Page 65 Neutrophils......Page 66 REFERENCES......Page 67 4.2. ANTIGEN HANDLING—SETTING THE SCENE......Page 71 4.3. ANTIGEN PROCESSING—AN OVERVIEW......Page 72 4.4. ANTIGEN-MHC INTERACTION......Page 75 4.5. THE T-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTOR......Page 78 4.6. SECONDARY SIGNALS......Page 80 4.7. APC CHARACTERISTICS AND CELLULAR COOPERATION......Page 81 Dendritic cells......Page 82 B lymphocytes......Page 83 4.8. ANTIGEN HANDLING DURING PARASITIC INFECTION—THE STORY SO FAR......Page 85 The site of antigen presentation......Page 86 The presentation of defined parasite antigens......Page 87 REFERENCES......Page 89 Foetal development......Page 92 T-cell development......Page 93 5.3. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE LYMPHOID TISSUE......Page 95 Antibodies as effectors......Page 97 Antibodies as immune regulators......Page 98 T-helper cells......Page 99 T-cytotoxic/suppressor cells......Page 101 5.7. LYMPHOKINES......Page 103 Eosinophils......Page 105 Macrophages......Page 107 Neutrophils, platelets, basophils, and mast cells......Page 108 5.9. PROTECTIVE EFFECTS IN VIVO—THE REAL WORLD......Page 109 Antibody......Page 110 5.11. CONCLUSIONS......Page 111 REFERENCES......Page 112 6.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 118 6.2. LABORATORY MODELS......Page 119 Helminths......Page 120 Protozoans......Page 125 6.3. GENETIC CONTROL OF REGULATORY MECHANISMS—A COMMON THEME?......Page 127 6.4. GENETIC CONTROL OF PARASITE-INDUCED PATHOLOGY......Page 130 Helminths......Page 131 Protozoan infections......Page 133 6.6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 135 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 136 REFERENCES......Page 137 7.2. INTRA-ERYTHROCYTIC PROTOZOAN PARASITES......Page 139 7.3. MACROPHAGE PARASITES......Page 146 REFERENCES......Page 152 Skin cells and their functions......Page 157 Key characteristics of the secondary skin response to infection......Page 159 The human skin response to infection......Page 160 Skin responses in laboratory models......Page 161 8.3. NEMATODE PARASITES......Page 163 Skin penetrating, soil transmitted nematodes......Page 168 8.4. PLATYHELMINTH PARASITES......Page 171 Primary response to infection with Schistosoma mansoni......Page 172 Acquired immunity to Schistosoma mansoni......Page 173 Acquired resistance to Schistosoma japonicum......Page 176 Arachnid ectoparasites......Page 177 Insect ectoparasites......Page 181 REFERENCES......Page 183 Airways......Page 191 Lymphatics and lymph nodes......Page 193 Paragonimus sp., the lung flukes......Page 195 The metastrongyle nematodes......Page 196 9.4. PARASITES WHICH ENTER VIA BLOOD VESSELS AND LEAVE VIA THE AIRWAYS......Page 200 Hookworms......Page 202 Strongyloides sp.......Page 203 The ascarid nematodes......Page 204 9.5. PARASITES MAKING AN INTRAVASCULAR MIGRATION THROUGH THE LUNGS......Page 206 Filarial infections and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia......Page 207 Schistosomes......Page 208 9.6. MISCELLANY: ACCIDENTAL PARASITES IN THE LUNGS......Page 210 9.7. PULMONARY PARASITE INFECTIONS IN THE IMMUNOCOMPROMIZED HOST......Page 214 9.8. CONCLUSIONS......Page 216 REFERENCES......Page 217 10.1. MUCOSAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS......Page 224 10.2. GUT-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE (GALT)......Page 225 Peyer’s patches......Page 227 Intra-epithelial lymphocytes......Page 228 10.4. CYTOKINES AND MUCOSAL IMMUNITY......Page 229 10.5. THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO INTESTINAL HELMINTHS......Page 230 T-cell dependence of the inflammatory response......Page 231 Role of mast cells and IgE in intestinal inflammation and mucosal defense......Page 233 Role of mucus in intestinal defense......Page 237 Role of inflammatory mediators in intestinal defense mechanisms......Page 238 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 246 REFERENCES......Page 247 11.2. LUMINAL EVENTS DURING INFECTION......Page 252 Mucus......Page 253 IgA......Page 254 11.3. FACTORS INFLUENCING PATHOGENESIS......Page 255 Inflammation......Page 257 Lamina propria, epithelium and smooth muscle......Page 260 Gastrointestinal motility......Page 262 Gastrointestinal secretion......Page 265 11.6. NUTRITIONAL DISTURBANCES......Page 270 Adaptations......Page 271 Malabsorption, metabolic changes and reduced food intake as contributors to weight loss......Page 274 REFERENCES......Page 275 Introduction......Page 282 Epidemiology of helminth infection......Page 283 Introduction......Page 284 The regulatory role of acquired immunity......Page 286 Epidemiological consequences of immunological memory......Page 287 Mathematical models of immunity......Page 288 Immunological causes of heterogeneity......Page 290 Secondary loss of immunocompetence......Page 292 Introduction......Page 293 Rates of reinfection......Page 294 Immunology or ecology?......Page 295 12.5. IMMUNITY, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PARASITE CONTROL......Page 296 12.6. PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS......Page 297 12.7. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PARASITE SPECIES......Page 298 REFERENCES......Page 299 13.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 304 Genetically determined unresponsiveness......Page 306 Neonatal unresponsiveness......Page 308 Reduced immunocompetence in mature hosts......Page 310 Manipulation of parasite antigens to reduce overall immunogenicity to the host......Page 318 Manipulation of parasite antigens to enable evasion of the host-effector mechanisms......Page 322 Manipulation of host molecules by parasites as an antigenic disguise: masquerading as self......Page 329 Manipulation of the host immune system......Page 331 Resistance to host-effector mechanisms......Page 335 13.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 337 REFERENCES......Page 338 14.2. TYPES OF VACCINES......Page 348 14.3. PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPING ANTI-PARASITE VACCINES......Page 350 14.4. ANIMAL MODELS......Page 352 Vaccines against human parasites......Page 353 Vaccines against parasites of veterinary importance......Page 358 14.6. FUTURE VACCINES AND THEIR EVALUATION......Page 360 14.7. VACCINATION IN ERADICATION AND CONTROL......Page 361 14.8. CONCLUSIONS......Page 362 REFERENCES......Page 363 Index......Page 366