Paradoxical Effects of Social Behavior : Essays in Honor of Anatol Rapoport

In the history of science "paradoxes" are not only amusing puzzles and chal℗Ư lenges to the human mind but also driving forces of scientific development. The notion of "paradox" is intimately related to the notion of "contradiction". Logi℗Ư cal paradoxes allow for the derivation of contradictory propositions (e.g. "Rus℗Ư sell's set of all sets not being members of themselves" or the ancient problem with propositions like "I am lying" 1), normative paradoxes deal with contradic℗Ư tions among equally well accepted normative postulates (Arrow's "impossibility theorem", Sen's "Impossibility of a Paretian Liberal") and "factual" paradoxes refer to conflicts between conventional opinion based on an accepted empirical theory and contradictory empirical evidence (e.g. the "St. Petersburg paradox" or the "Allais paradox" in decision theory2). Paradoxes, either logical, normative or factual, also contradict our intui℗Ư tions. The counter-intuitive property which seems to be a common feature of all paradoxes plays an important part in the empirical social sciences, particularly in the old research tradition of scrutinizing the unintended consequences of pur℗Ư posive actions. Expectations based on naive theories ignoring interdependencies between individual actions are very often in conflict with "surprising" empirical evidence on collective results of social behavior. Examples are numerous reach℗Ư ing from panic situations, the individual struggle for status gains resulting in collective deprivation, the less than optimal supply of collective goods etc. to global problems of the armament race and mismanagement of common resources Individual Utilities And Utilitarian Ethics / John C. Harsanyi -- Some Paradoxes In Economics / Ole Hagen -- Pragmatic Intuitions And Rational Choice / Russell Hardin -- Guidelines For Solving Sen's Paradox / Eckehart Köhler -- System Breaks And Positive Feedback As Sources Of Catastrophe / Kenneth E. Boulding -- Social Structure And The Emergence Of Norms Among Rational Actors / James S. Coleman -- Conditions For Cooperation In Problematic Social Situations / Werner Raub And Thomas Voss -- The Evolution Of Reciprocal Cooperation / Rudlf A. Schüssler -- Is It Always Efficient To Be Nice? : A Computer Simulation Of Axelrod's Computer Tournament / Christian Donninger -- The Prisoner's Dilemma And Its Evolutionary Iteration / Werner Leinfellner. The Evolution Of A Prisoner's Dilemma In The Market / Karl-dieter Opp -- On Explaining The Rise Of The New Social Movements In Germany / Lucian Kern And Hans-georg Räder -- Volunteer's Dilemma : A Social Trap Without A Dominant Strategy And Some Empirical Results / Andreas Diekmann -- Take-some Games : The Commons Dilemma And A Land Of Cockaigne / Peter Mitter -- Games With Perceptive Commanders But With Indoctrinated Or Less Perceptive Subordinates / Martin Shubik -- Moral Sentiments And Self-interest Reconsidered / Manfred J. Holler -- On The Economic Virtues Of Incompetency And Dishonesty / Andrew Schotter -- New Chairman Paradoxes / Steven J. Brams, Dan S. Felsenthal, And Zeev Maoz. Cumulative Effects Of Sequential Decisions In Organizations / Jeroen Weesie And Reinhard Wippler -- Ethnic Segmentation As The Unintended Result Of Intentional Action / Hartmut Esser -- The Paradox Of Privatization In Consumption / Siegwart Lindenberg -- Declining Life Expectancy In A Highly Developed Nation : Paradox Or Statistical Artifact? / Reiner Dinkel -- Fallacies And Paradoxes Casued By Heterogeneity / Gerhard Arminger. Edited By Andreas Diekmann And Peter Mitter ; With Contributions By G. Arminger ... [et Al.]. Includes Bibliographies And Index. Front Matter....Pages I-XVI Individual Utilities and Utilitarian Ethics....Pages 1-12 Some Paradoxes in Economics....Pages 13-25 Pragmatic Intuitions and Rational Choice....Pages 27-36 Guidelines for Solving Sen’s Paradox....Pages 37-46 System Breaks and Positive Feedback as Sources of Catastrophe....Pages 47-54 Social Structure and the Emergence of Norms among Rational Actors....Pages 55-83 Conditions for Cooperation in Problematic Social Situations....Pages 85-103 The Evolution of Reciprocal Cooperation....Pages 105-121 Is it Always Efficient to be Nice? A Computer Simulation of Axelrod’s Computer Tournament....Pages 123-134 The Prisoner’s Dilemma and its Evolutionary Iteration....Pages 135-148 The Evolution of a Prisoner’s Dilemma in the Market....Pages 149-167 On Explaining the Rise of the New Social Movements in Germany....Pages 169-185 Volunteer’s Dilemma. A Social Trap without a Dominant Strategy and some Empirical Results....Pages 187-197 Take-Some Games: The Commons Dilemma and a Land of Cockaigne....Pages 199-208 Games with Perceptive Commanders but with Indoctrinated or Less Perceptive Subordinates....Pages 209-222 Moral Sentiments and Self-Interest Reconsidered....Pages 223-233 On the Economic Virtues of Incompetency and Dishonesty....Pages 235-241 New Chairman Paradoxes....Pages 243-256 Cumulative Effects of Sequential Decisions in Organizations....Pages 257-279 Ethnic Segmentation as the Unintended Result of Intentional Action....Pages 281-296 The Paradox of Privatization in Consumption....Pages 297-310 Declining Life Expectancy in a Highly Developed Nation: Paradox or Statistical Artifact?....Pages 311-321 Fallacies and Paradoxes Caused by Heterogeneity....Pages 323-336 Back Matter....Pages 337-342