Papers from the VIth International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Poznan, 22–26 August 1983.

PAPERS from the 6th International Conference on Historical Linguistics......Page 2 Editorial page......Page 3 Title page......Page 4 Dedication......Page 6 Copyright page......Page 7 Table of contents......Page 8 PREFACE......Page 12 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS......Page 14 CONFERENCE PROGRAMME......Page 20 DIVERGENCE AND CONVERGENCE IN LINGUISTIC EVOLUTION......Page 26 REFERENCES......Page 45 ABBREVIATIONS......Page 49 AREAL LINGUISTICS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS......Page 50 REFERENCES......Page 74 PARADIGM ECONOMY IN LATIN NOUNS......Page 82 REFERENCES......Page 95 ABLAUT: APHOENIX IN THE HISTORY OF AFRIKAANS......Page 96 REFERENCES......Page 106 ON ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS IN SOUND CHANGE......Page 108 I. ANALYTICAL CHANGES......Page 109 II. SYNTHETIC CHANGES......Page 117 III. THE COMPARISON OF ANALYTICAL AND SYNTHETIC CHANGES......Page 118 APPENDIX: ADDITIONAL DATA......Page 124 REFERENCES......Page 126 ON THE DIACHRONY OF SUBTRACTIVE OPERATIONS: EVIDENCE FOR SEMIOTICALLY BASED MODELS OF NATURAL PHONOLOGY AND NATURAL MORPHOLOGY FROM NORTHERN AND ANATOLIAN GREEK DIALECTS......Page 130 REFERENCES......Page 150 DID OLD ENGLISH HAVE A MIDDLE VOICE?......Page 154 BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 162 THE VOWEL /a:/ IN ENGLISH......Page 164 REFERENCES......Page 172 FRAMING THE LINGUISTIC ACTION SCENE IN OLD AND PRESENT-DAY ENGLISH: OE CWEþAN, SECGAN, SP(R)ECAN AND PRESENT-DAY ENGLISH SPEAK, TALK, SAY AND TELL COMPARED......Page 174 REFERENCES......Page 195 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 196 II. RULE ADDITION AND LOSS HYPOTHESES......Page 197 III. RULE INTERSECTION AND LEXICAL DIFFUSION HYPOTHESES......Page 202 REFERENCES......Page 205 0. Introduction......Page 208 1.1. Phonetic conditioning......Page 209 1.2. Sound change based on the sound system vs. sound change based on meaningful units......Page 211 2.1. Syntagmatic restrictions......Page 215 2.2. Paradigmatic restrictions......Page 217 REFERENCES......Page 221 CHANCE AND NECESSITY IN DIACHRONIC SYNTAX- WORD ORDER TYPOLOGIES AND THE POSITION OF MODERN PERSIAN RELATIVE CLAUSES......Page 224 REFERENCES......Page 240 1.1. Non linear phonology......Page 242 2.2. Umlaut......Page 248 3. Umlaut in Dutch and German......Page 249 4. Umlaut in Roermond......Page 250 5. Description......Page 254 BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 257 DIVERGENT PATTERNS OF WORD ORDER CHANGE IN CONTEMPORARY FRENCH......Page 260 REFERENCES......Page 273 1.0 Introduction......Page 276 1.1 Definition of terms......Page 277 2.0 Post-Nasal Consonants......Page 279 2.1 Aspiration......Page 280 2.2. Ejectivization......Page 281 3.0 Articulatory Modes......Page 284 REFERENCES......Page 288 VELAR SEGMENTS IN OLD ENGLISH AND OLD IRISH......Page 292 REFERENCES......Page 304 ON THE SEMASIOLOGIZATION OF PHONOLOGICAL RULES: THE SEMIOTIC EVOLUTION OF FINNISH CONSONANT GRADATION......Page 306 REFERENCES......Page 315 ANOTHER EXPLANATION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF s BEFORE / IN NORWEGIAN......Page 316 REFERENCES......Page 324 WILHELM SCHERER'S ZUR GESCHICHTE DER DEUTSCHEN SPRACHEA MILESTONE IN 19TH-CENTURY LINGUISTICS......Page 326 REFERENCES......Page 335 PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN CONSONANTISM: METHODOLOGICAL AND FURTHER TYPOLOGICAL CONCERNS......Page 338 REFERENCES......Page 345 0.0 Introductory observations......Page 348 1.0 Saussure's Argument in the 'Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles dans les langues indo-européennes'......Page 354 1.1 Saussure's revisions of the PIE vocalic system.......Page 356 2.0 Concluding remarks......Page 365 REFERENCES......Page 367 INDO-EUROPEAN NUMERALS AND THE SEXAGESIMAL SYSTEM......Page 372 REFERENCES......Page 377 ABSOLUTE VS. RELATIVE COMPARISON: TYPOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 378 REFERENCES......Page 388 1. Type I: Backgrounding within the Predicate......Page 390 1.1. Composition by Juxtaposition......Page 391 1.2. Morphological Compounding......Page 394 2. Type II: Backgrounding within the Clause......Page 395 3. Type III: Backgrounding within Discourse......Page 396 4. Type IV: Classificatory Backgrounding......Page 399 5.1. The Origin of Incorporation......Page 404 5.2. The Development of the Process......Page 405 6.1. Decay at Stage I......Page 406 6.2. Decay at Stage II......Page 407 6.3. Decay at Stage III......Page 408 6.4. Decay at Stage IV......Page 410 7. Revitalization of a System......Page 412 8. Conclusion......Page 417 REFERENCES......Page 418 FOR A DIACHRONY-IN-SYNCHRONY ANALYSIS......Page 420 REFERENCES......Page 431 SOURCES......Page 432 ON THE POSSIBLE CLUSTERS OF mb, nd, AND g IN PROTO-JAPANESE......Page 434 IMPLICATIONS......Page 445 REFERENCES......Page 449 ARE THERE DYSFUNCTIONAL CHANGES ?......Page 452 REFERENCES......Page 463 THE INDO-EUROPEAN ORIGIN OF THE BALTO-SLAVIC -ē- AND -ā- PRETERITE......Page 466 REFERENCES......Page 475 1. A brief historical sketch of the development of-ness and -ity......Page 476 2. On productivity and productiveness......Page 477 3. Productivity from a diachronic perspective......Page 482 4. The creolization hypothesis: support from the lexicon and derivational morphology......Page 487 TEXTS......Page 490 1. Introduction......Page 492 2.1.1. General southern forms.......Page 495 2.2.2. North Carolina.......Page 499 3. Regional division of the area......Page 504 REFERENCES......Page 511 1. Rule ordering......Page 514 3. Dialect geography: the diatopic challenge......Page 516 REFERENCES......Page 521 LE DEVELOPPEMENT D'UN AUXILIAIRE MODAL, EN YIDDISH: LOZN 'LAISSER'......Page 524 BIBLIOGRAPHIE......Page 538 CONFRONTATION AND ASSOCIATION......Page 540 REFERENCES......Page 550 THE BIFURC ATION THEORY OF THE GERMANIC AND GERMAN CONSONANT SHIFTS SYNOPSIS AND SOME FURTHER THOUGHTS......Page 552 REFERENCES......Page 571 PROSODIC STRUCTUREAND THE DEVELOPMENT OF FRENCH SCHWA......Page 574 REFERENCES......Page 584 ON THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENTS OF AMERICAN ENGLISH......Page 586 REFERENCES......Page 592 QUELQUES PROBLÈMES DES RECHERCHES ÉTYMOLOGIQUES SUR LES EMPRUNTS LEXICAUX......Page 596 BIBLIOGRAPHIE......Page 608 MORPHOLOGISCHE NATÜRLICHKEIT UNDMORPHOLOGISCHER WANDELZUR VORHERSAGBARKEIT VONSPRACHVERÄNDERUNGEN......Page 612 LITERATURANGABEN......Page 624 SUMMING UP......Page 626 REFERENCES......Page 631 INDEX OF LANGUAGES......Page 632 INDEXOF NAMES......Page 637 PAPERS from the 6th International Conference on Historical Linguistics 2 Editorial page 3 Title page 4 Dedication 6 Copyright page 7 Table of contents 8 PREFACE 12 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 14 CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 20 DIVERGENCE AND CONVERGENCE IN LINGUISTIC EVOLUTION 26 REFERENCES 45 ABBREVIATIONS 49 AREAL LINGUISTICS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS 50 REFERENCES 74 PARADIGM ECONOMY IN LATIN NOUNS 82 REFERENCES 95 ABLAUT: APHOENIX IN THE HISTORY OF AFRIKAANS 96 REFERENCES 106 ON ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS IN SOUND CHANGE 108 I. ANALYTICAL CHANGES 109 II. SYNTHETIC CHANGES 117 III. THE COMPARISON OF ANALYTICAL AND SYNTHETIC CHANGES 118 APPENDIX: ADDITIONAL DATA 124 REFERENCES 126 ON THE DIACHRONY OF SUBTRACTIVE OPERATIONS: EVIDENCE FOR SEMIOTICALLY BASED MODELS OF NATURAL PHONOLOGY AND NATURAL MORPHOLOGY FROM NORTHERN AND ANATOLIAN GREEK DIALECTS 130 REFERENCES 150 DID OLD ENGLISH HAVE A MIDDLE VOICE? 154 BIBLIOGRAPHY 162 THE VOWEL /a:/ IN ENGLISH 164 REFERENCES 172 FRAMING THE LINGUISTIC ACTION SCENE IN OLD AND PRESENT-DAY ENGLISH: OE CWEþAN, SECGAN, SP(R)ECAN AND PRESENT-DAY ENGLISH SPEAK, TALK, SAY AND TELL COMPARED 174 REFERENCES 195 LEXICAL RESTRUCTURING: RULE LOSS VERSUS RULE INTERSECTION; EVIDENCE FROM ITALIAN 196 I. INTRODUCTION 196 II. RULE ADDITION AND LOSS HYPOTHESES 197 III. RULE INTERSECTION AND LEXICAL DIFFUSION HYPOTHESES 202 IV. CONCLUSION 205 REFERENCES 205 THEORIES OF SOUND CHANGE FAIL IF THEY TRY TO PREDICT TOO MUCH 208 0. Introduction 208 1. Conditioning factors and mechanisms of change 209 1.1. Phonetic conditioning 209 1.2. Sound change based on the sound system vs. sound change based on meaningful units 211 2. Phonological restrictions on sound change 215 2.1. Syntagmatic restrictions 215 2.2. Paradigmatic restrictions 217 2.3. Conclusion 221 REFERENCES 221 CHANCE AND NECESSITY IN DIACHRONIC SYNTAX- WORD ORDER TYPOLOGIES AND THE POSITION OF MODERN PERSIAN RELATIVE CLAUSES 224 REFERENCES 240 UMLAUT AS A HARMONY PROCESS 242 1. Introduction 242 1.1. Non linear phonology 242 2. Counterarguments 248 2.1. Turkish 248 2.2. Umlaut 248 3. Umlaut in Dutch and German 249 4. Umlaut in Roermond 250 5. Description 254 BIBLIOGRAPHY 257 DIVERGENT PATTERNS OF WORD ORDER CHANGE IN CONTEMPORARY FRENCH 260 REFERENCES 273 ARTICULATORY MODES AND TYPOLOGICAL UNIVERSALS: THE PUZZLE OF BANTU EJECTIVES AND ASPIRATES 276 1.0 Introduction 276 1.1 Definition of terms 277 2.0 Post-Nasal Consonants 279 2.1 Aspiration 280 2.2. Ejectivization 281 3.0 Articulatory Modes 284 REFERENCES 288 VELAR SEGMENTS IN OLD ENGLISH AND OLD IRISH 292 REFERENCES 304 ON THE SEMASIOLOGIZATION OF PHONOLOGICAL RULES: THE SEMIOTIC EVOLUTION OF FINNISH CONSONANT GRADATION 306 REFERENCES 315 ANOTHER EXPLANATION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF s BEFORE / IN NORWEGIAN 316 REFERENCES 324 WILHELM SCHERER'S ZUR GESCHICHTE DER DEUTSCHEN SPRACHEA MILESTONE IN 19TH-CENTURY LINGUISTICS 326 REFERENCES 335 PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN CONSONANTISM: METHODOLOGICAL AND FURTHER TYPOLOGICAL CONCERNS 338 REFERENCES 345 THE PLACE OF SAUSSURE'S 'MÉMOIRE' IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS 348 0.0 Introductory observations 348 1.0 Saussure's Argument in the 'Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles dans les langues indo-européennes' 354 1.1 Saussure's revisions of the PIE vocalic system. 356 2.0 Concluding remarks 365 REFERENCES 367 INDO-EUROPEAN NUMERALS AND THE SEXAGESIMAL SYSTEM 372 REFERENCES 377 ABSOLUTE VS. RELATIVE COMPARISON: TYPOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT 378 REFERENCES 388 DIACHRONIC MORPHOLOGIZATION: THE CIRCUMSTANCES SURROUNDING THE BIRTH, GROWTH, AND DECLINE OF NOUN INCORPORATION 390 1. Type I: Backgrounding within the Predicate 390 1.1. Composition by Juxtaposition 391 1.2. Morphological Compounding 394 2. Type II: Backgrounding within the Clause 395 3. Type III: Backgrounding within Discourse 396 4. Type IV: Classificatory Backgrounding 399 5. TheEvolution of Incorporation 404 5.1. The Origin of Incorporation 404 5.2. The Development of the Process 405 6. Decay 406 6.1. Decay at Stage I 406 6.2. Decay at Stage II 407 6.3. Decay at Stage III 408 6.4. Decay at Stage IV 410 7. Revitalization of a System 412 8. Conclusion 417 REFERENCES 418 FOR A DIACHRONY-IN-SYNCHRONY ANALYSIS 420 REFERENCES 431 SOURCES 432 ON THE POSSIBLE CLUSTERS OF mb, nd, AND g IN PROTO-JAPANESE 434 IMPLICATIONS 445 REFERENCES 449 ARE THERE DYSFUNCTIONAL CHANGES ? 452 REFERENCES 463 THE INDO-EUROPEAN ORIGIN OF THE BALTO-SLAVIC -ē- AND -ā- PRETERITE 466 REFERENCES 475 VARIABILITY IN WORD FORMATION PATTERNSAND PRODUCTIVITY IN THE HISTORYOF ENGLISH 476 1. A brief historical sketch of the development of-ness and -ity 476 2. On productivity and productiveness 477 3. Productivity from a diachronic perspective 482 4. The creolization hypothesis: support from the lexicon and derivational morphology 487 REFERENCES 490 TEXTS 490 REGIONAL VARIATION IN 19th CENTURY BLACK ENGLISH IN THE AMERICAN SOUTH 492 1. Introduction 492 2. Regionally varying forms 495 2.1. Southern forms 495 2.1.1. General southern forms. 495 2.2. Northern forms 499 2.2.1. Tennessee. 499 2.2.2. North Carolina. 499 2.3. Erratic and inconclusive distributions. 504 2.3.1. Lack of past tense marking with verbs. 504 2.3.2. Morphologically irregular forms. 504 3. Regional division of the area 504 REFERENCES 511 RULE ORDERING AND THE DYNAMICS OF DIATOPIC LANGUAGE VARIATION 514 0. Introduction 514 1. Rule ordering 514 2. Language change 516 3. Dialect geography: the diatopic challenge 516 4. Epilogue/apology 521 REFERENCES 521 LE DEVELOPPEMENT D'UN AUXILIAIRE MODAL, EN YIDDISH: LOZN 'LAISSER' 524 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 538 CONFRONTATION AND ASSOCIATION 540 REFERENCES 550 THE BIFURC ATION THEORY OF THE GERMANIC AND GERMAN CONSONANT SHIFTS SYNOPSIS AND SOME FURTHER THOUGHTS 552 REFERENCES 571 PROSODIC STRUCTUREAND THE DEVELOPMENT OF FRENCH SCHWA 574 REFERENCES 584 ON THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENTS OF AMERICAN ENGLISH 586 REFERENCES 592 QUELQUES PROBLÈMES DES RECHERCHES ÉTYMOLOGIQUES SUR LES EMPRUNTS LEXICAUX 596 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 608 MORPHOLOGISCHE NATÜRLICHKEIT UNDMORPHOLOGISCHER WANDELZUR VORHERSAGBARKEIT VONSPRACHVERÄNDERUNGEN 612 LITERATURANGABEN 624 SUMMING UP 626 REFERENCES 631 INDEX OF LANGUAGES 632 INDEXOF NAMES 637