Papal Crusading Policy 1244-1291 : The Chief Instruments of Papal Crusading Policy and Crusade to the Holy Land From the Final Loss of Jerusalem to the Fall of Acre

Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Table of Contents 6 Acknowledgements 8 List of Abbreviations 10 SECTION A INTRODUCTION 12 I. Development of the idea of crusade 14 (a) General introduction 14 (b) Traditional crusade 22 (c) Jerusalem as the goal of crusade 24 (d) Saracens as the normative enemy 25 (i) The enemy in the East 25 (ii) The enemy on the frontier 26 (iii) The enemy within 27 (iv) Enemies of the papacy 30 II. Thirteenth century crusading decrees 34 SECTION B SPIRITUAL ADVANTAGES OFFERED TO CRUCESIGNATI 44 Introductory Remarks 46 III. Theology of crusarung indulgences 47 IV. Indulgences in practice 63 (a) Introductory remarks 63 (b) Crusade indulgence to the Holy Land 68 (c) Partial indulgences 73 (d) Diversion of crusading indulgences 77 (i) Against the Moors 77 (ii) Against the Tartars 78 (iii) Against the Hohenstaufen 80 (iv) Against the Greeks 97 (v) In Northern and Eastern Europe 99 (vi) Missionary activities 102 (vii) The Inquisition 103 (e) Papal rejection of suggested diversions 105 (f) Reductio ad absurdum 108 V. Commutation and Redemption of Crusader Vows 110 (a) Theological background 110 (b) Commutation of vows 117 (c) Crusade as commutation of penance 125 (d) Redemption of vows 129 SECTION C THE PAPACY AND MATERIAL AID TO CRUCESIGNATI 144 lntroductory Remarks 146 VI. Material Advantages Offered to Crucesignati 148 (a) Papal financial policy 148 (i) The crusading decrees 148 (ii) Clerical subsidies 150 (iii) Lay subsidies 152 (iv) Difficulties and diversions of funds 160 (b) Privileges 168 (c) Papal protections 175 (d) lmmunities 180 (e) Ecclesiastical censure 182 (i) Background 182 (ii) Applied to crucesignati 186 (iii) Applied to officials 187 (iv) Other applications of sanctions 189 Conclusions 194 Appendix A 198 Crusading decrees of 1215 and 1245 198 Constitutiones pro zelo fidei 207 Appendix B 211 Liturgical ceremony of conferring the cross 211 Bibliography 213 lndex 224