زبان‌ها و زبان‌شناسی پانوان (Las lenguas pano y la lingüística)

Knowledge of Panoan languages and linguistics has increased significantly over the last several decades. The present paper draws upon this new information to produce a current internal classification of all the extant and extinct languages in the Panoan family based on lexical, phonological, and grammatical comparisons. This classification pays special attention to distinguishing dialects from independent languages and to mismatches that exist between linguistically defined languages and socially defined ethnic groups. An evaluation of previously proposed genetic relations to other language families is followed by a discussion of lexical borrowing and possible areal diffusion of grammatical features from and into neighboring non-Panoan languages and Kechua. The history of Panoan linguistics is chronicled from the first Jesuit and Franciscan vocabularies to the most recent contributions, and priorities for future research are suggested. A typological overview of Panoan phonology, morphology, and syntax is provided along with descriptions of some of the extraordinary linguistic features found in the family. Name taboos, postmortem word taboos, in-law avoidance languages, trade languages, ceremonial languages, and other ethnolinguistic phenomena found in the Panoan family are also discussed. ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION CLASSIFICATION AND INVENTORY OF PANOAN LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS Ethnonyms and Orthography Former Misconceptions about the Panoan Family On Dialects and Languages Panoan Internal Classification and Panoan Dispersal RELATIONS TO OTHER SOUTH AMERICAN FAMILIES Panoan-Takanan Relations Other Proposed Genetic Ties beyond the Family Contact with Other Amazonian Groups and Kechua Speakers HISTORY OF PANOAN LINGUISTICS The Jesuits (1640s-1768) The Franciscans (1657-1930s) Foreign Travelers of the 1800s European Philologists of the Late 1800s A New Generation of List Collectors and Linguists (1900-1930s) The Summer Institute of Linguistics (1940s-present) University Academics (1970s-present) PRIORITIES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH TYPOLOGICAL OVERVIEW Phonology Morphology Syntax ETHNOLINGUISTIC FEATURES Linguistic Taboos In-law Avoidance Speech Weeping Kinship Lexicon Lingua Francas and Pidgins Ceremonial Languages Gender-specific Speech Game Synonymy and Pet Vocative Terms REFERENCES APPENDIX 1 Index of Common Denomination Synonyms, Variants, and Homonyms APPENDIX 2 Available Linguistic Data for Panoan Languages and Dialects APPENDIX 3 Geographic Locations of Panoan Languages and Dialects