Paleopathology of Children : Identification of Pathological Conditions in the Human Skeletal Remains of Non-Adults

Palaeopathology of Children: Identification of Pathological Conditions in the Human Skeletal Remains of Non-Adults provides archaeological examples of pathological child remains with varying degrees of disease manifestation, and where possible, presents illustrations of individually affected bones to help with identification. The structure and inclusion of photographs and summary diagnostic tables make this suitable for use as a textbook. Each chapter includes a table of international archaeological cases collated by the author from published and unpublished literature. Child skeletal remains come in a variety of different sizes, with bones appearing and fusing at different times during growth. Identifying pathology in such unfamiliar bones can be a challenge, and we often rely on photographs of clinical radiographs or intact anatomical specimens to try and interpret the lesions we see in archaeological material. These are usually the most extreme examples of the disease, and do not account for the wide degree of variation we may see in skeletal remains. Provides a comprehensive review of the types of pathological conditions identified in non-adult skeletal remains Contains chapters that tackle a particular disease classification Features for each condition are described and illustrated to aid in the identification Dedication Paleopathology of Children: Identification of Pathological Conditions in the Human Skeletal Remains of Non-Adults Acknowledgments 1 - Biology and Significance of the Nonadult Skeleton Introduction Skeletal Development and Ossification Intramembranous Ossification Endochondral Ossification Bone Formation and Remodeling Pattern and Timing of Ossification Immune System Development Immunity in the Newborn Immunity in the Child Immunity in the Adolescent Exploring Immunodeficiency in Bioarchaeology The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Hypothesis Factors in Pediatric Paleopathology Themes in Child Paleopathology Hidden Heterogeneity of Frailty and Selective Mortality Measuring Specificity A “Slew” of Possibles: Methodological Rigor, Transparency, and Objectivity Differential Diagnosis Comorbidity and Cooccurrence References 2 - Congenital Conditions I: Anomalies Introduction Terminology Timing Cranium Premature Cranial Suture Closure Scaphocephaly Brachycephaly Plagiocephaly Trigonocephaly Oxycephaly Cloverleaf Deformity Crouzon’s Syndrome (Craniofacial Dysotosis Type 1) Microcephaly Hydrocephaly Congenital Deafness (Aural Stenosis and Aural Atresia) Spine Congenital Lordosis, Kyphosis, and Scoliosis Occipitalization (Atlantooccipital Fusion) Lumbarization and Sacralization Spondylolysis Sagittal Clefting Cleft Neural Arches Thorax Supernumerary Ribs Bifid Ribs, Costal Fusion Extremities Talipes Equinovarus (Clubfoot) Radioulnar Synostosis Polydactyly and Syndactyly Neural Tube Defects Congenital Herniation (Dystrophism) Anencephaly Cleft Palate Other Facial Clefts Spina Bifida References 3 - Congenital Conditions II: Skeletal Dysplasias and Other Syndromes Introduction Skeletal Dysplasias Achondroplasia Acromesomelia Mesomelia Thanatophoric Dwarfism Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip and Congenital Hip Dislocation Metaphyseal Dysplasia (Pyle’s Disease) Fibrous Dysplasia Congenital Syndromes Binder Syndrome (Maxillonasal Dysplasia) Klippel–Feil Syndrome Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) and Other Aneuploid Conditions Osteogenesis Imperfecta Osteopetrosis (Osteosclerosis Fragilis) Cerebral Palsy References 4 - Dental Disease, Defects, and Variations in Dental Morphology Introduction Teething Dental Caries Deciduous Caries Paleopathology Recording and Reporting Caries in Children Dental Calculus Periapical Cavitation Periodontal Disease (Periodontitis) Antemortem Tooth Loss Dental Anomalies Hypodontia Hyperdontia (Supernumerary Teeth) Natal and Neonatal Teeth Dental Fusion Macrodontia and Microdontia Talon Cusps Dental Trauma Dental Modification Disruption in Dental Development Dental Enamel Hypoplasia Turner’s and Skinner’s Teeth References 5 - Trauma and Treatment* Introduction Principles of Pediatric Trauma Greenstick Fractures Plastic Deformation Buckle Fractures Physeal Fractures Long Bone Fractures Complications Specific to Child Trauma Premature Fusion Fragment Overlap Overgrowth Healing Identifying Postcranial Injuries Callus Cortical Striations Angulation Plastic Deformation of the Ulna Plastic Deformation of the Radius Cranial Fractures Facial Fractures Spinal Injuries Tetanus Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis Clay-Shoveler’s Fractures Rib Fractures Age-Related Injuries Birth Trauma Erb’s and Klumph’s Palsy (Congenital Brachial Palsy) Toddler’s Fractures Juvenile Osteochondritis Dissecans Slipped Femoral Epiphysis Other Forms of Trauma Dislocations Dislocations of the Upper Limb Dislocations of the Lower Limb Myositis Ossificans Traumatica (Heterotrophic Ossification) Burns Treatment: Autopsies and Surgical Intervention Trepanation Themes in the Study of Child Trauma Violence Associated With Extreme Cultural Conflict Culturally Sanctioned Ritual Violence Caregiver-Induced Violence and Neglect Activity-Induced Injuries Structural Violence References 6 - Infectious Diseases I: Infections of Nonspecific Origin Introduction Subperiosteal New Bone Formation Infective Osteitis Osteomyelitis Infantile Osteomyelitis Brodie’s Abscess Spinal Osteomyelitis Chronic Sinusitis Otitis Media and Mastoiditis Endocranial Lesions Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis References 7 - Infectious Diseases II: Infections of Specific Origin Smallpox (Osteomyelitis Variolosa) Rubella Poliomyelitis Tuberculosis Cranium Mandible Scapula Spine Ribs Joints Long Bones Hands and Feet Paleopathology Leprosy Infantile Leprosy Pathogenesis in Children Nerve Damage Skeletal Manifestations Rhinomaxillary Syndrome Dentition Hands and Feet Periostitis and Osteomyelitis Paleopathology Treponemal Diseases Yaws Endemic Syphilis (Bejel, Treponarid) Congenital Syphilis Early Onset Congenital Syphilis Late Onset Congenital Syphilis Dentition Paleopathology References 8 - Hemopoietic and Metabolic Disorders Hemopoietic Disorders Cribra Orbitalia, Porotic Hyperostosis, and the “Cribrous Syndrome” Dietary Iron-Deficiency Anemia Malaria Other Parasitic Infections Folate Deficiency Vitamin B12 Deficiency Lead Poisoning Thalassemia Sickle Cell Anemia Leukemia Hemophilia A and B Metabolic Disorders Rickets and Osteomalacia (Vitamin D Deficiency) Infantile Scurvy (Vitamin C Deficiency) Comorbidity and Cooccurrence in Rickets and Scurvy References 9 - Neoplastic Disease, Tumors, and Tumor-Like Lesions Introduction Classification of Lesions and Terminology Recognition of Tumors Benign Primary Tumors Osteoid Osteoma Osteoblastoma (Codman’s Tumor) Giant-Cell Tumor (Osteoclastoma) Osteochondroma Hereditary Multiple Osteochondromas Chondromas and Ollier’s Disease Chondroblastoma Chondromyxoid Fibroma Desmoid Fibroma (Desmoplastic Fibroma) Fibrous Cortical Defects Nonossifying Fibroma Osteofibrous Dysplasia Bone Cysts Unicameral (Solitary) Bone Cyst Aneurismal Bone Cyst Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Eosinophilic Granuloma Hand–Schüller–Christian Disease Letterer–Siwe Disease Malignant Primary Tumors Osteosarcoma (Osteogenic Sarcoma) Ewing’s Sarcoma Chordoma Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma References 10 - Juvenile Arthropathies, Circulatory, and Endocrine Disorders Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Systemic Arthritis Seronegative Idiopathic Arthritis Juvenile-Onset Adult-Type Rheumatoid Arthritis Juvenile-Onset Ankylosing Spondylitis Juvenile Psoriatic Arthritis Hemophilic Arthritis Schmorl’s Nodes Circulatory Disorders Osteochondroses Osgood-Schlatter Disease Blount’s Disease (Tibia Vara) Legg–Calvé–Perthes’ Disease Scheuermann’s Disease (Juvenile kyphosis, Spinal Osteochondrosis) Endocrine Disturbances Hypopituitarism (Pituitary Dwarfism) Hyperpituitarism (Pituitary Gigantism, Acromegaly) Hypothyroidism (Myxedema) Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis) Cushing’s Disease Hypogonadism Hypergonadism Hypoparathyroidism Hyperparathyroidism References 11 - Miscellaneous Conditions Infantile Cranial Lacunae Cranial Modification Anteroposterior Deformation Circumferential or Circular Deformation Juvenile Paget’s Disease (Infantile Hereditary Hyperphosphasia, Hyperostosis Corticalis Deformans) Phossy Jaw Bladder Stone Disease Lead Poisoning Transverse Lines in Bone Harris Lines Lead Lines Bismuth Lines Metaphyseal Bands of Leukemia Scurvy Line Healing and Healed Rickets Osteopathia Striata Bone Length Discrepancy Fluctuating and Directional Asymmetry Pathological Asymmetry Cerebral Palsy Cerebrovascular Incident (Stroke) Rasmussen’s Encephalitis Chicken Pox (Congenital Varicella) Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita (Congenital Contractures) Erb’s and Klumpke’s Palsy (Congenital Brachial Palsy) Muscular Dystrophy References Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Biology And Significance Of The Nonadult Skeleton -- Congenital Conditions I: Anomalies -- Congenital Conditions Ii: Skeletal Dysplasias And Other Sundromes -- Dental Disease, Defexts And Variations In Dental Morphology -- Trauma And Treatment -- Infectious Diseases I: Infections Of Nonspecific Origin -- Infectious Diseases Ii: Infections Of Specific Origin -- Hemopoietic And Metabolic Disorders -- Neoplastic Disease, Tumors, And Tumor-like Lesions -- Juvenile Arthopathies, Circulatory, And Endocrine Disorders -- Miscellaneous Conditions. Mary Lewis. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. This title provides archaeological examples of pathological child remains with varying degrees of disease manifestation, and where possible, presents illustrations of individually affected bones to help with identification. The structure and inclusion of photographs and summary diagnostic tables make this suitable for use as a textbook. Each chapter includes a table of international archaeological cases collated by the author from published and unpublished literature