PAHs and Related Compounds: Chemistry (The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry (3 / 3I))

The volumes 3/I (Chemistry) and 3/J (Biology) present diverse aspects of the environmental chemistry and ecology of PAHs and related compounds. Emphasis has been placed on a wide range of aspects not generally covered in other presentations. They cover not only basic aspects of the chemistry, analysis, sources, physico-chemical determinants of environmental distribution, and dissemination of PAHs, but also important areas such as heteroarenes, and PAHs produced from naturally occurring alicyclic precursors. Atmospheric degradation and transformation of PAHs are discussed as well as microbial metabolism of both PAHs and heteroarenes. Conventional and important new aspects of mammalian metabolism and the induction of cancer are presented, and the procedures used for demonstrating the structure of adducts involving PAH metabolites are discussed in detail. Environmental Chemistry is a relatively young science. Interest in this subject, however, is growing very rapidly and, although no agreement has been reached as yet about the exact content and limits of this interdisciplinary discipline, there appears to be increasing interest in seeing environmental topics which are based on chemistry embodied in this subject. One of the first objectives of Environ­ mental Chemistry must be the study of the environment and of natural chemical processes which occur in the environment. A major purpose of this series on Environmental Chemistry, therefore, is to present a reasonably uniform view of various aspects of the chemistry of the environment and chemical reactions occurring in the environment. The industrial activities of man have given a new dimension to Environ­ mental Chemistry. We have now synthesized and described over five million chemical compounds and chemical industry produces about hundred and fifty million tons of synthetic chemicals annually. We ship billions of tons of oil per year and through mining operations and other geophysical modifications, large quantities of inorganic and organic materials are released from their natural deposits. Cities and metropolitan areas of up to 15 million inhabitants produce large quantities of waste in relatively small and confined areas. Much of the chemical products and waste products of modern society are released into the environment either during production, storage, transport, use or ultimate disposal. These released materials participate in natural cycles and reactions and frequently lead to interference and disturbance of natural systems. Front Matter....Pages I-XXIV Environmental Chemistry of PAHs....Pages 1-54 Concentration and Extraction of PAHs from Environmental Samples....Pages 55-76 Chromatographic Methods of Analysis for the Determination of PAHs in Environmental Samples....Pages 77-135 Sources of PAHs in the Environment....Pages 137-174 Biomarker PAHs in the Environment....Pages 175-221 PAHs: Products of Chemical and Biochemical Transformation of Alicyclic Precursors....Pages 223-269 Azaarenes and Thiaarenes....Pages 271-323 Partitioning and Physical Chemical Properties of PAHs....Pages 325-345 Atmospheric Reactions of PAHs Including Formation of Nitroarenes....Pages 347-385 Back Matter....Pages 387-414