پاکلی تاکسل: منابع، شیمی، اثرات ضدسرطانی و بیوتکنولوژی کنونی

Paclitaxel: Sources, Chemistry, Anticancer Actions, and Current Biotechnology provides a comprehensive survey of Paclitaxel and its derivatives chemistry, biosynthesis and anticancer activities. In addition, biotechnological methods, including cell cultures, the use of bioreactors and metabolic engineering strategies to improve Paclitaxel production are also discussed. The book discusses topics such as mechanisms of action against cancer, novel forms of Paclitaxel for an effective cancer treatment, strategies for enhancing its bioavailability, and the application of nanocarriers for its delivery and chemotherapy of cancer. This is a valuable resource for cancer researchers, biotechnologists and members of biomedical field who are interested in the promising anticancer qualities of this antineoplastic drug and how to enhance them for better treatments. Presents detailed information about Paclitaxel research, from its discovery to clinical uses and biotechnological routes of commercial production Focuses on Paclitaxel development as an effective chemotherapeutic drug, along with its application in different types of cancers Encompasses descriptive illustrations and workflows to help the reader fully understand the content and easily apply it to their research Cover Front Matter Copyright Contributors Preface Introduction to cancer and treatment approaches Introduction About cancer biology: Causes and risk factors Cancer types, classification, and grading Therapeutic interventions for cancer Surgical excision: A traditional and the effective one Robotic-assisted surgery Radiotherapy Side effects of radiotherapy Immunotherapy Immune checkpoint inhibitors Immunotherapy boosted by metronomic chemotherapy Chemotherapy History of chemotherapy The principal mechanisms of chemotherapy Classes of chemotherapeutic agents and their uses Alkylating agents Antimetabolites Anthracyclines (Anti-tumor antibiotics) Plant-derived anticancerous agents Vinca Alkaloids (VA) Taxanes Camptothecin (CPT) and its derivatives Advanced approaches for cancer treatment Nanomedicines Extracellular vesicles as drug delivery systems and diagnostic tool Genome-based methods for cancer treatment Thermal ablation and magnetic hyperthermia Conclusions References Taxol: Occurrence, chemistry, and understanding its molecular mechanisms Introduction About taxol and its discovery Natural resources of taxol Chemistry of taxol Mechanisms of action of taxol Conclusion and future prospects References Taxol: Mechanisms of action against cancer, an update with current research The discovery and evolution of Paclitaxel (Taxol) Paclitaxel (Taxol) induces mitotic cell cycle arrest Taxol induces microtubules stabilization Mitotic slippage Paclitaxel’s effect is dose-dependent Taxol induces gene-directed apoptosis Roles of Bcl-2 family in Taxol-induced apoptosis Taxol activates JNK/SAPK to promote cell apoptosis Taxol and calcium-dependent apoptosis ER-calcium dependent apoptosis Crosstalk between Bcl-2 and calcium homeostasis Immunomodulation effects by Taxol Taxol and regulatory T cells (Tregs) Taxol and macrophages Taxol and TLR4-dependent pathway Taxol affects macrophages polarization Resistance mechanisms of Taxol Increased drug efflux by multi-drug resistance (MDR-1) Altered expression of β -tubulins isotypes Upregulation of Bcl-2 family proteins Conclusion Acknowledgment References Application of nanocarriers for paclitaxel delivery and chemotherapy of cancer Introduction Nanoparticles Pharmaceutical aspects of polymeric NPs preparation Recent preclinical studies on paclitaxel NPs Liposomes Pharmaceutical aspects of liposome preparation Recent preclinical studies on liposomes Dendrimers Micelles Nanotubes Niosomes Proniosomes Ethosomes Microparticles Carbon dots Clinical trials Overcoming paclitaxel resistance by using Nanocarriers Selected patents for paclitaxel formulations Conclusion References Strategies for enhancing paclitaxel bioavailability for cancer treatment Introduction Alternative paclitaxel sources Semisynthesis Chemical synthesis Nursery cultivated Taxus Heterologous expression systems Fungal endophytes Corylus avellana Plant cell culture Strategies of paclitaxel biosynthesis improvement in plant cell culture Selection of high-producing cell lines Optimization of culture conditions Two-stage culture Carbohydrate source Phytohormones Ethylene inhibitors Precursor feeding Elicitation strategy In situ product removal and two-phase culture Immobilization Metabolic engineering Reactivation of paclitaxel biosynthesis pathway Co-culture of plant cells with paclitaxel-producing fungal endophyte(s) Mathematical modeling for paclitaxel biosynthesis optimization Concluding remarks and future perspectives References Botany of paclitaxel producing plants History of taxol Botany of Taxus Classification of Taxus Modern classification of Taxus species Enumeration of taxol producing plant species Austrotaxus spicata Campton (New Claedona Yew) Pseudotaxus chienii (W.C. Cheng) W.C. Cheng (White Berry Yew) Taxus baccata L. (European, English, or Common Yew) Taxus brevifolia Nuttall Taxus canadensis Marshall (Canada Yew) Taxus chinensis (Pilg.) Rehd (Chinese Yew) Taxus cuspidata Siebold et Zucc. Taxus floridana Nuttall ex Chapman (Florida Yew) Taxus globosa Schlectendahl (Mexican Yew) Taxus meirei (Lemee & Lev.) S.Y. Hu ex T.S. Liu (Meires Yew) Taxus sumatrana (Miquel) de Laubenfels (Tampinur batu) Taxus wallichiana Zucc. (Himalayan Yew) Taxol from angiosperms Corylus avellana L. (common hazel or European hazel) Conclusions and future direction References Propagation of paclitaxel biosynthesizing plants Introduction Propagation Vegetative propagation of Taxus spp. Micropropagation Embryo and seed culture to overcome seed dormancy Somatic embryogenesis Explant sources for micropropagation Callus proliferation and organogenesis Shoot topophysis Rooting and acclimatization Conclusions References Endophytes for the production of anticancer drug, paclitaxel Introduction Paclitaxel sources in nature Available approaches for paclitaxel production Endophytes producing paclitaxel from different host plant species Anticancer properties of endophytes-derived paclitaxel Conclusions References Metabolic engineering strategies to enhance the production of anticancer drug, paclitaxel Introduction Historical perspective of paclitaxel Metabolic engineering strategies for paclitaxel production Modulating the metabolic engineering strategy Increasing the precursor access Modulating (enhancing or decreasing) the effectors Regulation of transcriptional factors Dual production of Phyto-metabolites Metabolic engineering in heterologous systems Plant cell cultures and elicitation approaches to enhance paclitaxel production Conclusions References Paclitaxel and chemoresistance Introduction Mechanisms of chemoresistance Alteration of microtubule dynamic ABC transporters mediated MDR Genetic factor-related paclitaxel resistance Other potential mechanisms of resistance PI3K/AKT activation MAPK Antioxidative systems IRF9 Other key factors Clinical markers of paclitaxel resistance Strategies to overcome paclitaxel resistance Overcoming paclitaxel resistance with novel tubulin inhibitors Inhibiting the function of ABCB1 transporter Inhibiting signal transduction pathways Summary References Paclitaxel and cancer treatment: Non-mitotic mechanisms of paclitaxel action in cancer therapy Introduction Taxol/paclitaxel is a key agent in the management of solid tumors Microtubule stabilization and anti-mitotic mechanisms Mitotic catastrophe Non-mitotic mechanisms Importance of micronucleation Innate immunity leading to the bystander effect Cellular retention of paclitaxel Combination therapy Drug combination with paclitaxel: Carboplatin, FTI, CDK4/6, and PD1/PDL-1 Prospective: New formulation of paclitaxel and additional microtubule stabilizing drugs Conclusions References An update on paclitaxel treatment in breast cancer Introduction Types of breast cancer Molecular mechanism of paclitaxel in breast cancer Paclitaxel treatment in different types of breast cancer Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) Locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) Molecular subtypes of breast cancer Adverse events and resistance due to paclitaxel treatment Side-effects Paclitaxel resistance Efficiency of other anti-cancer drugs over paclitaxel Conclusions Acknowledgment References Paclitaxel conjugated magnetic carbon nanotubes induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells and breast cancer stem cells in vitro Introduction Experimental details Preparation of MWCNTs PTX loading onto Au-Mag.MWCNTs surface Characterizations Cancer cell culture experiments in vitro Detection of cytotoxicity—MTT assay Flow cytometry Detection of apoptosis Antiproliferative studies on stem cells Results and discussion Physical characterization of PTX-Au-Mag.MWCNT complex Biological characterization of PTX-Au-Mag.MWCNT complex Cytotoxicity and apoptosis assay Assay for determination of apoptosis of cancer stem cells Conclusions Acknowledgments Conflict of interest statement References Index A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P R S T U V W