Oxidative stress and toxicity in reproductive biology and medicine : a comprehensive update on male infertility. Volume II

Volume II of the book Oxidative Stress and Toxicity in Reproductive Biology and Medicine: A Comprehensive Update on Male Infertility edited by Dr. Shubhadeep Roychoudhury and Dr. Kavindra Kumar Kesari considers various influences leading to oxidative stress (OS) in gametes and gonads, including environmental and occupational stressors such as pesticides, heavy metals, plastics, nanoparticles, and radiation exposure. Importantly, remedies are discussed, such as pharmacological antioxidants and natural herbal remedies. In my opinion, phytomedicine in particular is an important yet underappreciated area of inquiry as it may provide low-cost natural remedies particularly important for developing nations where the high cost and limited access to pharmacological antioxidant supplements may be a barrier to widespread use. This will require meticulous isolation and validation of active compounds present in complex, highly heterogeneous medicinal plant extracts. While the present volume maintains focus on male reproductive function, impacts of OS are also considered in the mind frame of female reproductive system and embryo development. This worthwhile undertaking brings us a thought-provoking collection of in-depth reviews. Without a doubt, a diverse audience of clinicians, scholars, and graduate students will be the beneficiaries. Foreword Preface Contents 1: Deciphering the Nexus Between Oxidative Stress and Spermatogenesis: A Compendious Overview 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Oxidative Stress and Male Infertility 1.3 Biochemistry of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 1.4 Influence of ROS on Spermatogenesis 1.4.1 Lipid Peroxidation 1.4.1.1 Lipid Peroxidation 1.4.1.2 Strategies for Prevention of Lipid Peroxidation 1.4.2 Sperm DNA Fragmentation 1.4.2.1 Prevention of Sperm DNA Fragmentation 1.4.3 Effect on Sperm Motility 1.4.4 Apoptosis 1.4.5 Capacitation and Hyperactivation 1.5 Idiopathic Male Infertility: A Case Study 1.6 Abnormalities That Arise Due to Idiopathic Male Infertility 1.7 Peculiarities Among Global Populations 1.8 Diagnosis and Treatment 1.9 Conclusions References 2: The Role of Environmental Toxicant-Induced Oxidative Stress in Male Infertility 2.1 Introduction to Male Infertility 2.2 Environmental Risk Factors and Male Infertility 2.3 Pesticides Exposure and Risk of Male Infertility 2.3.1 Organophosphate Pesticides (OPs) 2.3.2 Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) 2.3.3 Bisphenol A (BPA) 2.4 Phthalates: Steroidogenesis and Spermatogenesis 2.4.1 Dioxins 2.4.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) 2.4.3 Heavy Metals and Male Infertility 2.5 Metabolism of Environmental Pollutants 2.6 Environmental Toxicant-Induced Oxidative Stress 2.7 Formation of Free Radicals 2.8 Sources of ROS 2.9 Oxidative Damage to Sperm DNA 2.10 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) and Male Infertility 2.11 Conclusion References 3: Effect of Environmental Stressors, Xenobiotics, and Oxidative Stress on Male Reproductive and Sexual Health 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Methods 3.3 Environmentally Linked DNA Methylation 3.3.1 Influence of Environmental Epigenetics in Metals Exposure 3.3.1.1 Arsenic 3.3.1.2 Nickel 3.3.1.3 Lead 3.3.1.4 Chromium 3.3.1.5 Copper 3.3.1.6 Mercury 3.3.1.7 Cadmium 3.4 Air Pollution and Oxidative Stress (OS) 3.4.1 Particulate Matter (PM) 3.4.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 3.4.3 Benzene 3.4.4 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) 3.5 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Endocrine Disruptors (EDs) 3.6 Drug-Induced Oxidative Stress (OS) 3.7 Tobacco Smoke and Male Infertility 3.8 Xenobiotics and Male Infertility 3.9 Discussion 3.10 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 4: Pesticide Toxicity Associated with Infertility 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Male-Mediated Reproductive Effects 4.2.1 Effects on the Testes 4.2.2 Effects on Sperm Count and Morphology 4.2.3 Effects on Sperm Concentration and Motility 4.2.4 Effects on Male Sex Hormones 4.3 Female-Mediated Reproductive Effects 4.3.1 Effects on Hypothalamus and Pituitary 4.3.2 Effects on the Ovary 4.3.3 Effects on the Uterus 4.3.4 Effects on Fertility 4.3.5 Reproductive Senescence 4.3.6 Breast Milk Contamination 4.4 Insecticides-Induced Toxicity Mitigation Strategies 4.5 Conclusion References 5: Impact of Radiation on Male Fertility 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Ionizing Radiation 5.1.2 Non-ionizing Radiation 5.2 Ionizing Radiation and Spermatogenesis 5.3 Non-ionizing Radiation and Spermatogenesis 5.4 Pathophysiology 5.4.1 Generation of Oxidative Stress 5.4.2 Thermal Effect 5.4.3 Calcium Ion Concentration 5.4.4 Endocrine Effects 5.5 Radiation and Genotoxicity 5.5.1 Direct Action 5.5.2 Indirect Action 5.6 Effects on Semen Parameters 5.7 Conclusion References 6: Arsenic-Induced Sex Hormone Disruption: An Insight into Male Infertility 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Sources of Exposure and Geographical Distribution 6.3 Arsenic: Pathways to Disrupt Physiological Functions 6.4 Effects of Arsenic on Male Reproduction 6.4.1 Effects of Arsenic on Male Gonadal Tissue and Sperm Quality 6.4.2 Effects of Arsenic on Male Reproductive Hormones 6.5 Arsenic, Oxidative Stress, and Male Reproduction 6.6 Oxidative Stress and Sex Hormones: Connecting Link in Male Infertility 6.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 7: A Perspective on Reproductive Toxicity of Metallic Nanomaterials 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Manganese Nanoparticles (Mn NPs) 7.2.1 Effect of Mn NPs on Male Reproductive System 7.2.2 Effect of Mn NPs on Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity 7.2.3 In Vitro Toxicity of Mn NPs 7.2.4 Mechanism of Mn NPs Toxicity 7.2.5 Effect of Mn NPs on Fertility 7.3 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) 7.3.1 In Vitro Effect of AgNPs 7.3.2 Effect of AgNPs on Male Reproductive System 7.3.3 Effect of AgNPs on Female Reproductive System 7.3.4 Effect of AgNPs on Fertility and Development 7.3.5 Reproductive Toxicity of AgNPs on Zebrafish 7.4 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) 7.4.1 Effect of AuNPs on Male Reproductive System 7.4.2 Effect of AuNPs on Female Reproductive System 7.4.3 Mechanism of AuNPs Toxicity on Ovarian Follicle 7.4.4 Toxicity of AuNPs to Placental Barriers and Embryonic Development 7.4.5 Mechanism of AuNPs Toxicity 7.5 Titanium Nanoparticles (TiNPs) 7.5.1 Effect of TiNPs on Male Reproductive System 7.5.2 Biphasic Effect of TiNPs on the Sperm and Testis 7.5.3 Effect of TiNPs on Female Reproductive System 7.6 Cadmium Nanoparticles (Cd NPs) 7.6.1 Effect of Cd NPs on Male Reproductive System 7.6.2 Effect of Cd NPs on Fertility, Embryo, and Post-natal Development 7.7 Conclusion References 8: Bisphenol A and Male Infertility: Role of Oxidative Stress 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Bisphenol 8.2.1 Overview of Bisphenol 8.2.2 Bisphenol A 8.3 Toxicokinetics of Bisphenol A 8.4 Bisphenol A, Sex Hormones, and Male Fertility 8.5 Evidence of Bisphenol A-Induced Male Infertility: The Role of Oxidative Stress 8.6 Mechanisms Through Which BPA Impairs Male Fertility 8.7 Summary of the Mechanisms Through Which BPA Impairs Male Infertility 8.8 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 8.8.1 Pathophysiology of ROS in Human Semen 8.9 Oxidative Stress 8.9.1 Origin of Oxidative Stress 8.9.2 Idiopathic 8.9.3 Iatrogenic 8.9.4 Effect of Oxidative Stress on Male Fertility 8.10 Methods of Assessing Oxidative Stress-Related Male Infertility 8.10.1 Direct Methods of Identification 8.10.2 Indirect Methods of Identification 8.11 Male Infertility Treatments and Oxidative Stress Management 8.11.1 Antioxidants 8.11.2 Testicular Sperm Extraction 8.11.3 Cryopreservation 8.12 Conclusion References 9: Oxidative Stress and Male Infertility: Role of Herbal Drugs 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Pathophysiological Factors of Male Infertility 9.2.1 Hormonal Defects 9.2.2 Physical Reasons and Sexual Problems 9.2.3 Lifestyle and Environment 9.2.4 Genetic and Epigenetic Factors 9.2.5 Oxidative Stress (OS) 9.3 Some Common Plants Used to Treat Male Infertility 9.3.1 Nigella sativa (Family: Ranunculaceae) 9.3.2 Mucuna pruriens (Family: Fabaceae) 9.3.3 Asparagus racemosus (Family: Asparagaceae) 9.3.4 Withania somnifera (Family: Solanaceae) 9.3.5 Panax ginseng (Family: Araliaceae) 9.3.6 Trigonella foenum-graecum (Family: Fabaceae) 9.3.7 Allium sativum (Family: Liliaceae) 9.3.8 Shilajit (Asphaltum, Mineral Pitch) 9.4 Conclusion References 10: Natural Products as the Modulators of Oxidative Stress: An Herbal Approach in the Management of Prostate Cancer 10.1 Introduction 10.2 ROS and Its Signaling in Prostate Cancer Cell Death 10.2.1 Apoptosis 10.2.2 Autophagy 10.2.3 Necrosis 10.3 ROS-Mediated Cell Death in Prostate Cancer Through Phytocompounds 10.3.1 Apigenin 10.3.2 Artesunate 10.3.3 Andrographolide 10.3.4 Carvacrol 10.3.5 Curcumin 10.3.6 Guggulsterone 10.3.7 Isoalantolactone 10.3.8 Parthenolide 10.3.9 Plumbagin 10.3.10 Sparstolonin B 10.4 Structures of the Phytocompounds 10.5 Conclusion References 11: Heat Shock Factors in Protein Quality Control and Spermatogenesis 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Heat Shock Factors (HSFs) 11.3 Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) 11.3.1 HSP27 11.3.2 HSP60 11.3.3 HSP70 11.3.4 HSP90 11.3.5 GRP78 11.4 Phytochemicals as Upregulators of Cellular Protein Quality Control Mechanism 11.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective References 12: Pathological Role of Reactive Oxygen Species on Female Reproduction 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Pathological Effect of ROS on Female Reproductive System 12.2.1 Reduced Growth and Development of Oocycte 12.2.2 Ovarian Steroidogenesis 12.2.3 Ovulation 12.2.4 Formation of Blastocysts 12.2.5 Implantation 12.3 Luteolysis and Luteal Maintenance of Pregnancy 12.4 Endothelial Dysfunction in the Uterus 12.5 Fertilization of Eggs 12.6 Diseases Caused by ROS in Female Reproductive System 12.6.1 Endometriosis 12.6.2 Preeclampsia 12.6.3 Maternal Diabetes 12.6.4 PCOS 12.6.5 Hydatidiform Mole 12.6.6 Ovarian Epithelial Cancer 12.6.7 Spontaneous Abortion and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss 12.6.8 Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) 12.6.9 Fetal Death 12.7 Conclusion References 13: Impact of Oxidative Stress on Embryogenesis and Fetal Development 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Redox Theory of Development 13.3 Cross Talk of Life from Gametogenesis Through Fetal Development 13.3.1 Redox Regulation of Gametogenesis 13.3.2 Redox Regulation of Fertilization 13.3.3 Oxygen Gradient and the Developing Embryo 13.3.4 Oxygen Consumption by Preimplantation Embryo 13.3.5 Role of ROS in Postimplantation Embryo 13.4 Developmental Processes Controlled by Redox Reactions 13.4.1 ROS and Early Embryonic Development 13.4.2 ROS and Morphogenesis 13.4.3 ROS and Cell Differentiation 13.4.4 ROS, Angiogenesis, and Cell Migration During Development 13.5 ROS and Transcription Regulation During Development 13.5.1 Hypoxia, HIF, and Developmental Programing 13.5.2 Redox Active NF-kB During Development 13.5.3 Redox Regulation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway 13.5.4 AP-1: The Redox Sensor 13.5.5 Ref-1: The Embryonic DNA Guardian 13.5.6 Nrfs: Protectors Against Oxidative Stress 13.6 Pathological Role of Oxidative Stress on the Embryo 13.6.1 Spontaneous Miscarriage 13.6.2 Preeclampsia 13.6.3 Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) 13.6.4 Preterm Premature Membrane Rupture and Preterm Birth 13.6.5 Maternal Diabetes-Induced Embryopathy 13.6.6 Teratogens, ROS Metabolism, and the Embryo 13.7 Oxidative Stress in Development: Lessons from ART 13.8 Conclusion References 14: Interplay of Oxidants and Antioxidants in Mammalian Embryo Culture System 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) 14.3 Oxidant/Antioxidant Balance and Measurement of Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) 14.4 pH 14.5 Peroxidation of Mineral Oil 14.6 Oxygen Concentration 14.7 Visible Light 14.8 Centrifugation 14.9 Culture Media Composition 14.10 Types of Antioxidants Used in Embryo Culture Media 14.11 Enzymatic Antioxidants 14.12 Nonenzymatic Antioxidants 14.13 From Animal Models to Human ART 14.14 Conclusions and Future Perspective References 15: Roles of Oxidative Stress in the Male Reproductive System: Potential of Antioxidant Supplementation for Infertility Treatment 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Reactive Oxygen Species as Mediators of Male Reproductive Events 15.2.1 Leydig Cells 15.2.2 Sertoli Cells 15.2.3 Spermatozoa 15.3 Antioxidant Defenses at the Male Reproductive System 15.4 Oxidative Stress: A Cause of Infertility? 15.5 Antioxidant Therapies for Infertility Treatment 15.6 Quercetin: A Novel Therapy for Male Infertility? 15.7 Concluding Remarks References 16: Oxidative Stress-Induced Male Infertility: Role of Antioxidants in Cellular Defense Mechanisms 16.1 Introduction 16.2 General Concepts of ROS and Antioxidants in Spermatozoa 16.2.1 ROS 16.2.2 REDOX Reactions of Free Radicals 16.2.3 Antioxidants 16.3 ROS and Sperm Parameters 16.3.1 Sperm Count 16.3.2 DNA Strand Break and Apoptosis 16.3.2.1 DNA Strand Break 16.3.2.2 Apoptosis 16.3.3 Hormonal Dysfunction 16.3.4 Morphological Changes in Male Reproductive Organs: Human and Animal Models 16.3.5 ROS-Induced Oxidative Stress in Sperm 16.4 Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Signal Transduction 16.5 Plant-Derived Natural Antioxidants and Protective Actions Against ROS Production 16.5.1 Antioxidant Supplements 16.5.1.1 Arginine 16.5.1.2 Carnitine 16.5.1.3 Carotenoids 16.5.1.4 Coenzyme Q10 16.5.1.5 Cysteine 16.5.1.6 Micronutrients (Folate, Selenium, and Zinc) 16.5.1.7 Vitamin E 16.5.1.8 Vitamin C 16.5.1.9 Myoinositol 16.5.1.10 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) 16.5.1.11 Resveratrol 16.5.1.12 Vitamin B12 16.5.1.13 Vitamin D 16.5.2 Herbal Supplements 16.5.3 The Antioxidant Paradox 16.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References 17: Reductive Stress and Male Infertility 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Oxidative Stress: Oxidants and Reductants (Antioxidants) 17.3 Antioxidant Overdose and Male Fertility: The Concept of “AntioxidantParadox” 17.4 Antioxidant Paradox: Generation of “Reductive Stress” 17.5 Reductive Stress, Antioxidant Paradox, and Male Fertility 17.6 Conclusion References 18: In Silico Analysis of CatSper Family Genes and APOB Gene Regulation in Male Infertility 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Materials and Methods 18.2.1 Identification of Asthenozoospermia Gene Targets 18.2.2 Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) Network Analysis 18.2.3 Pathway Analysis and Gene Ontology (GO) 18.3 Results 18.3.1 PPI Network Analysis 18.3.2 Pathway Analysis 18.3.3 PPI Network Analysis of Selected Genes with APOA2 Genes Involved in Lipid Metabolism 18.3.4 Gene Ontology 18.4 Discussion 18.5 Conclusion References 19: Oxidative Stress and Toxicity in Reproductive Biology and Medicine: A Comprehensive Update on Male Infertility Volume II – Conclusion 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Oxidative Stress and Toxicity 19.3 Conclusion References Index Volume Two advances the exploration of the fundamental principles of oxidative stress and toxicity on male (and female) reproduction. It includes the advances in research on male reproductive health, the impact of environmental factors, the protective measures using bioactive compounds and traditional medicines, and how to limit toxic exposure. It includes coverage of: Oxidative stress and male infertility Environmental stressors and sexual health Heavy metals, pesticides, fine particle toxicity and male reproduction Protective measures against oxidative stress in gametes/embryos by using bioactive compounds/phytomedicines in Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Role of reactive oxygen species on female reproduction Radiation and mutagenic factors affecting the male reproductive system Both volumes provide a comprehensive look at the most basic concepts and advanced research being conducted by world famous scientists and researchers in male infertility and reproduction.