Oxford Handbook of Paediatrics (Oxford Medical Handbooks)

Now fully revised and updated with the latest guidelines, this new edition of the Oxford Handbook of Paediatrics is a compact guide to all aspects of acute and chronic paediatrics. The handbook's team of specialist contributors and editors have successfully condensed many years of clinical experience into a pocket-sized compendium of clinical problems and treatment options. Taking a child-centred approach to the subject, the authors have provided comprehensive coverage of areas such as neonatology, surgery, genetics and congenital malformations, and child protection in a user-friendly and succinct style. Sections are also devoted to covering the treatment of children in the community, and the psychological effects of illness on both the child and their family. All chapters have been updated for this new edition, with completely overhauled chapters on neurology and respiratory medicine, the latest management guidelines on inherited metabolic disease, further information on medical and research ethics, and enhanced usage of diagnostic and treatment algorithms. With practical advice and space for personalized notes, this handbook will be invaluable to all those involved in the care of the younger patient. Cover Contents 1 Practising paediatrics Reading and learning paediatrics Professional conduct and attitudes Professional skills Knowledge 2 Epidemiology, evidence, and practice Introduction Descriptions in populations Summary of study designs Levels of evidence Basics of statistics Training and special knowledge skills Useful websites and resources References 3 Clinical assessment Communication skills Taking a paediatric history: introduction The presenting complaint History of present illness Past health history Symptom review Family history Examining a child: introduction General condition Vital signs Respiratory system Cardiovascular system Gastrointestinal system Genitourinary system Musculoskeletal system 4 Resuscitation Cardiopulmonary arrest Rapid cardiopulmonary assessment Paediatric basic life support Choking children Paediatric advanced life support Rhythm disturbances Treating supraventricular tachycardia Following unsuccessful resuscitation 5 Emergency and high dependency care The ABC of high dependency Respiratory distress Respiratory distress: management Foreign-body inhalation Drowning Circulation: cardiovascular difficulty Cardiovascular system difficulty: assessment Cardiovascular system difficulty: therapy—1 Cardiovascular system difficulty: therapy—2 Cyanosis: assessment Cyanosis: management Anaphylaxis Hypovolaemic shock Burns Burns: treatment Sepsis Altered level of consciousness Altered level of consciousness: clinical assessment Altered level of consciousness: Glasgow coma scale Altered level of consciousness: management Status epilepticus Poisoning Poisoning: management Poisoning: antidotes and substrates Fluid and electrolytes Fluid and electrolytes: dehydration Fluid and electrolytes: abnormalities Renal insufficiency Glucose: hypoglycaemia Diabetic ketoacidosis Diabetic ketoacidosis: treatment Inborn error of metabolism Other acid–base problems Further reading 6 Neonatology Newborn life support Perinatal definitions Small for gestational age Large for gestational age Prematurity Birth at the limit of viability Outcome following prematurity Basic obstetrics Obstetric problems Maternal disorders causing neonatal disease Birth trauma Non-specifically ill neonate Neonatal jaundice Hypoglycaemia Neonatal seizures The floppy infant Hydrops foetalis Routine care of the newborn Milk feeding Routine neonatal examination Normal variations and minor abnormalities Newborn fluid and electrolyte balance Respiratory distress syndrome Acute respiratory diseases Neonatal X-rays Neonatal respiratory support Conventional positive pressure ventilation High frequency oscillatory ventilation Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Circulatory adaptation at birth Patent ductus arteriosus CNS malformations Hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy Cerebral haemorrhage and ischaemia Necrotizing enterocolitis Neonatal infection Transplacental (congenital infection) Prevention of neonatal infection Neonatal abstinence syndrome Inborn errors of metabolism Retinopathy of prematurity Metabolic bone disease Orofacial clefts Neonatal haematology Rh disease (rhesus haemolytic disease) Bilirubin encephalopathy (kernicterus) Neonatal dermatology Perinatal death 7 Practical procedures Capillary blood sampling Venepuncture Intravenous cannulation Peripheral arterial blood sampling Peripheral arterial cannulation Umbilical arterial catheter Umbilical venous catheter Central venous catheterization via a peripheral vein Airway management Mask ventilation Endotracheal intubation Insertion of a chest drain Intraosseous infusion Intracardiac injection Pericardiocentesis Abdominal paracentesis Urethral bladder catheterization Suprapubic aspiration of urine Lumbar puncture Cerebral ventricular tap Exchange transfusion 8 Cardiovascular Common presentations Cyanosis Heart failure Heart murmurs Murmurs: clinical features Acyanotic: congenital heart disease Left to right shunt: atrial septal defect Ventricular septal defect Persistent ductus arteriosus Right to left shunt: tetralogy of Fallot Transposition of the great arteries Common mixing: complete atrioventricular septal defect Tricuspid atresia Aortic stenosis Pulmonary stenosis Coarctation of the aorta Hypoplastic left heart syndrome Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy Dextrocardia Infection: infective bacterial endocarditis Rheumatic fever Pericarditis Myocarditis Cardiomyopathy Cardiac arrhythmias 9 Respiratory medicine Introduction Common presentation: wheeze Common presentation: stridor Common presentation: cough Common presentation: breathlessness Common presentation: snoring Investigations Asthma Asthma: drug delivery devices Asthma: clinic management (1) Asthma: clinic management (2) Cystic fibrosis Cystic fibrosis: problems Cystic fibrosis: management (1) Cystic fibrosis: management (2) Chronic lung disease of prematurity Congenital respiratory tract disorders Sleep apnoea Allergic rhinitis Upper airway infections Laryngeal and tracheal inflammation Bronchial disease Bronchiolitis Pneumonia Pneumonia: treatment Pneumonia: effusion, empyema Pulmonary tuberculosis Other disorders 10 Gastroenterology and nutrition Healthy eating for children Vomiting Acute diarrhoea Chronic diarrhoea Constipation Faltering growth (failure to thrive) Recurrent abdominal pain Gastrointestinal haemorrhage Jaundice Adverse reactions to food Nutritional disorders Nutritional support Parenteral nutrition Oesophageal disorders Pancreatitis Intestinal disorders Inflammatory bowel disease Malabsorption Coeliac disease Gastrointestinal infections Intestinal parasites Acute hepatitis Chronic liver failure Alpha[sub(1)]-antitrypsin deficiency Wilson’s disease Liver transplantation 11 Nephrology Polyuria and frequency Abdominal/renal mass Haematuria Proteinuria Urinary tract infection Vesicoureteric reflux Acute kidney injury Acute kidney injury: diagnosis and treatment Chronic kidney disease Chronic kidney disease: treatment Congenital urinary tract anomalies Inherited renal disease Glomerulonephritis Haemolytic–uraemic syndrome Nephrotic syndrome Nephrotic syndrome: complications and follow-up Renal tubular disorders Proximal renal tubular acidosis Bartter’s syndrome Renal calculi Hypertension: definition Hypertension: causes and features Hypertension: management 12 Endocrinology and diabetes Obesity Obesity: management Type 1 diabetes mellitus Type 1 diabetes mellitus: management Type 1 diabetes mellitus: insulin therapy Acute complications of Type 1 diabetes mellitus Type 1 diabetes mellitus: long-term complications Type 1 diabetes mellitus: associated illnesses Type 2 diabetes mellitus Other forms of diabetes mellitus Goitre Solitary thyroid nodule Thyroid carcinoma Medullary thyroid cancer Congenital hypothyroidism Acquired hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis) Graves’s disease Thyroiditis Adrenal insufficiency Adrenal insufficiency: treatment Adrenal excess Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Mineralocorticoid excess Mineralocorticoid deficiency Inherited endocrine syndromes Hypocalcaemia Rickets Hypercalcaemia Posterior pituitary: syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion Hypopituitarism Posterior pituitary: diabetes insipidus Polycystic ovarian syndrome 13 Growth and puberty Normal growth Normal puberty Assessment of growth Assessment of puberty Short stature Constitutional delay in growth and puberty Intrauterine growth retardation Turner’s syndrome Coeliac disease Chronic inflammatory disorders Skeletal dysplasias Growth hormone deficiency Growth hormone deficiency: management Tall stature Delayed puberty: assessment Delayed puberty: management Precocious puberty Precocious puberty: management Variants of normal puberty Disorders of sex development Disorders of sex development: management Androgen insensitivity syndrome Micropenis Gynaecomastia 14 Neurology Examination Examination: children aged