Oxford Handbook of Paediatrics (Oxford Medical Handbooks)

Provides a child-centred approach to the care of the paediatric patient Includes hands-on advice on common dilemmas in paediatric medicine A convenient and practical guide to successful evidence-based clinical paediatrics A must-have resource at all stages of training and in various clinical practice settings. Includes completely revised chapters on neurology and respiratory medicine Covers management guidelines on inherited metabolic disease Provides further information on medical and research ethics Enhanced usage of diagnostic and treatment algorithms App available from the App Store, Google Play, and MedHand Bookstore Now fully revised and updated with the latest guidelines, this new edition of the Oxford Handbook of Paediatrics is a compact guide to all aspects of acute and chronic pediatrics. The handbook's team of specialist contributors and editors have successfully condensed many years of clinical experience into a pocket-sized compendium of clinical problems and treatment options. Taking a child-centred approach to the subject, the authors have provided comprehensive coverage of areas such as neonatology, surgery, genetics and congenital malformations, and child protection in a user-friendly and succinct style. Sections are also devoted to covering the treatment of children in the community, and the psychological effects of illness on both the child and their family. All chapters have been updated for this new edition, with completely overhauled chapters on neurology and respiratory medicine, the latest management guidelines on inherited metabolic disease, further information on medical and research ethics, and enhanced usage of diagnostic and treatment algorithms. With practical advice and space for personalized notes, this handbook will be invaluable to all those involved in the care of the younger patient. Cover......Page 1 Contents......Page 14 1 Practising paediatrics......Page 50 Reading and learning paediatrics......Page 51 Professional conduct and attitudes......Page 52 Professional skills......Page 53 Knowledge......Page 55 2 Epidemiology, evidence, and practice......Page 58 Descriptions in populations......Page 59 Summary of study designs......Page 60 Levels of evidence......Page 61 Basics of statistics......Page 63 Training and special knowledge skills......Page 65 References......Page 67 3 Clinical assessment......Page 68 Communication skills......Page 69 Taking a paediatric history: introduction......Page 70 The presenting complaint......Page 71 History of present illness......Page 73 Past health history......Page 74 Symptom review......Page 75 Examining a child: introduction......Page 77 General condition......Page 78 Vital signs......Page 79 Respiratory system......Page 80 Cardiovascular system......Page 81 Gastrointestinal system......Page 82 Musculoskeletal system......Page 83 4 Resuscitation......Page 84 Rapid cardiopulmonary assessment......Page 85 Paediatric basic life support......Page 87 Choking children......Page 88 Paediatric advanced life support......Page 89 Rhythm disturbances......Page 91 Treating supraventricular tachycardia......Page 92 Following unsuccessful resuscitation......Page 93 5 Emergency and high dependency care......Page 94 The ABC of high dependency......Page 95 Respiratory distress......Page 97 Respiratory distress: management......Page 99 Foreign-body inhalation......Page 100 Drowning......Page 101 Circulation: cardiovascular difficulty......Page 102 Cardiovascular system difficulty: assessment......Page 103 Cardiovascular system difficulty: therapy—1......Page 105 Cardiovascular system difficulty: therapy—2......Page 107 Cyanosis: assessment......Page 109 Cyanosis: management......Page 111 Anaphylaxis......Page 113 Hypovolaemic shock......Page 114 Burns......Page 115 Burns: treatment......Page 117 Sepsis......Page 119 Altered level of consciousness......Page 121 Altered level of consciousness: clinical assessment......Page 123 Altered level of consciousness: Glasgow coma scale......Page 125 Altered level of consciousness: management......Page 127 Status epilepticus......Page 129 Poisoning......Page 131 Poisoning: management......Page 133 Poisoning: antidotes and substrates......Page 135 Fluid and electrolytes......Page 138 Fluid and electrolytes: dehydration......Page 139 Fluid and electrolytes: abnormalities......Page 141 Renal insufficiency......Page 143 Glucose: hypoglycaemia......Page 145 Diabetic ketoacidosis......Page 147 Diabetic ketoacidosis: treatment......Page 149 Inborn error of metabolism......Page 151 Other acid–base problems......Page 153 Further reading......Page 155 6 Neonatology......Page 156 Newborn life support......Page 157 Perinatal definitions......Page 159 Small for gestational age......Page 160 Large for gestational age......Page 161 Prematurity......Page 163 Birth at the limit of viability......Page 165 Outcome following prematurity......Page 166 Basic obstetrics......Page 167 Obstetric problems......Page 169 Maternal disorders causing neonatal disease......Page 173 Birth trauma......Page 175 Non-specifically ill neonate......Page 177 Neonatal jaundice......Page 179 Hypoglycaemia......Page 181 Neonatal seizures......Page 183 The floppy infant......Page 185 Hydrops foetalis......Page 187 Routine care of the newborn......Page 189 Milk feeding......Page 191 Routine neonatal examination......Page 193 Normal variations and minor abnormalities......Page 195 Newborn fluid and electrolyte balance......Page 197 Respiratory distress syndrome......Page 199 Acute respiratory diseases......Page 201 Neonatal X-rays......Page 205 Neonatal respiratory support......Page 209 Conventional positive pressure ventilation......Page 211 High frequency oscillatory ventilation......Page 213 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia......Page 215 Circulatory adaptation at birth......Page 217 Patent ductus arteriosus......Page 218 CNS malformations......Page 219 Hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy......Page 221 Cerebral haemorrhage and ischaemia......Page 225 Necrotizing enterocolitis......Page 227 Neonatal infection......Page 229 Transplacental (congenital infection)......Page 231 Prevention of neonatal infection......Page 233 Neonatal abstinence syndrome......Page 235 Inborn errors of metabolism......Page 236 Retinopathy of prematurity......Page 237 Metabolic bone disease......Page 239 Orofacial clefts......Page 240 Neonatal haematology......Page 241 Rh disease (rhesus haemolytic disease)......Page 243 Bilirubin encephalopathy (kernicterus)......Page 244 Neonatal dermatology......Page 245 Perinatal death......Page 247 7 Practical procedures......Page 250 Capillary blood sampling......Page 251 Venepuncture......Page 252 Intravenous cannulation......Page 253 Peripheral arterial cannulation......Page 254 Umbilical arterial catheter......Page 255 Umbilical venous catheter......Page 257 Central venous catheterization via a peripheral vein......Page 258 Airway management......Page 259 Mask ventilation......Page 260 Endotracheal intubation......Page 261 Insertion of a chest drain......Page 263 Intracardiac injection......Page 265 Abdominal paracentesis......Page 266 Urethral bladder catheterization......Page 267 Suprapubic aspiration of urine......Page 268 Lumbar puncture......Page 269 Cerebral ventricular tap......Page 270 Exchange transfusion......Page 271 8 Cardiovascular......Page 274 Heart failure......Page 275 Heart murmurs......Page 277 Murmurs: clinical features......Page 279 Acyanotic: congenital heart disease......Page 281 Left to right shunt: atrial septal defect......Page 282 Persistent ductus arteriosus......Page 283 Right to left shunt: tetralogy of Fallot......Page 284 Common mixing: complete atrioventricular septal defect......Page 285 Aortic stenosis......Page 286 Coarctation of the aorta......Page 287 Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection......Page 288 Dextrocardia......Page 289 Infection: infective bacterial endocarditis......Page 291 Rheumatic fever......Page 293 Pericarditis......Page 295 Myocarditis......Page 297 Cardiomyopathy......Page 298 Cardiac arrhythmias......Page 299 9 Respiratory medicine......Page 302 Introduction......Page 303 Common presentation: wheeze......Page 304 Common presentation: stridor......Page 305 Common presentation: cough......Page 306 Common presentation: breathlessness......Page 307 Common presentation: snoring......Page 308 Investigations......Page 309 Asthma......Page 311 Asthma: drug delivery devices......Page 313 Asthma: clinic management (1)......Page 315 Asthma: clinic management (2)......Page 317 Cystic fibrosis......Page 319 Cystic fibrosis: problems......Page 320 Cystic fibrosis: management (1)......Page 321 Cystic fibrosis: management (2)......Page 323 Chronic lung disease of prematurity......Page 325 Congenital respiratory tract disorders......Page 327 Sleep apnoea......Page 328 Allergic rhinitis......Page 329 Upper airway infections......Page 331 Laryngeal and tracheal inflammation......Page 333 Bronchial disease......Page 335 Bronchiolitis......Page 337 Pneumonia......Page 339 Pneumonia: treatment......Page 341 Pneumonia: effusion, empyema......Page 342 Pulmonary tuberculosis......Page 343 Other disorders......Page 344 10 Gastroenterology and nutrition......Page 346 Healthy eating for children......Page 347 Vomiting......Page 349 Acute diarrhoea......Page 351 Chronic diarrhoea......Page 353 Constipation......Page 355 Faltering growth (failure to thrive)......Page 357 Recurrent abdominal pain......Page 359 Gastrointestinal haemorrhage......Page 361 Jaundice......Page 363 Adverse reactions to food......Page 365 Nutritional disorders......Page 369 Nutritional support......Page 371 Parenteral nutrition......Page 373 Oesophageal disorders......Page 375 Pancreatitis......Page 377 Intestinal disorders......Page 379 Inflammatory bowel disease......Page 381 Malabsorption......Page 383 Coeliac disease......Page 385 Gastrointestinal infections......Page 387 Intestinal parasites......Page 389 Acute hepatitis......Page 391 Chronic liver failure......Page 393 Wilson’s disease......Page 395 Liver transplantation......Page 396 11 Nephrology......Page 398 Polyuria and frequency......Page 399 Abdominal/renal mass......Page 400 Haematuria......Page 401 Proteinuria......Page 403 Urinary tract infection......Page 405 Vesicoureteric reflux......Page 409 Acute kidney injury......Page 411 Acute kidney injury: diagnosis and treatment......Page 413 Chronic kidney disease......Page 415 Chronic kidney disease: treatment......Page 417 Congenital urinary tract anomalies......Page 419 Inherited renal disease......Page 421 Glomerulonephritis......Page 423 Haemolytic–uraemic syndrome......Page 425 Nephrotic syndrome......Page 427 Nephrotic syndrome: complications and follow-up......Page 429 Renal tubular disorders......Page 431 Proximal renal tubular acidosis......Page 433 Bartter’s syndrome......Page 435 Renal calculi......Page 437 Hypertension: definition......Page 439 Hypertension: causes and features......Page 443 Hypertension: management......Page 445 12 Endocrinology and diabetes......Page 448 Obesity......Page 449 Obesity: management......Page 453 Type 1 diabetes mellitus......Page 455 Type 1 diabetes mellitus: management......Page 457 Type 1 diabetes mellitus: insulin therapy......Page 459 Acute complications of Type 1 diabetes mellitus......Page 461 Type 1 diabetes mellitus: long-term complications......Page 463 Type 1 diabetes mellitus: associated illnesses......Page 464 Type 2 diabetes mellitus......Page 465 Other forms of diabetes mellitus......Page 467 Goitre......Page 469 Medullary thyroid cancer......Page 470 Congenital hypothyroidism......Page 471 Acquired hypothyroidism......Page 473 Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)......Page 474 Graves’s disease......Page 475 Thyroiditis......Page 477 Adrenal insufficiency......Page 479 Adrenal insufficiency: treatment......Page 481 Adrenal excess......Page 483 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia......Page 485 Mineralocorticoid excess......Page 487 Mineralocorticoid deficiency......Page 488 Inherited endocrine syndromes......Page 489 Hypocalcaemia......Page 491 Rickets......Page 493 Hypercalcaemia......Page 495 Posterior pituitary: syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion......Page 497 Hypopituitarism......Page 498 Posterior pituitary: diabetes insipidus......Page 499 Polycystic ovarian syndrome......Page 501 13 Growth and puberty......Page 504 Normal growth......Page 505 Normal puberty......Page 507 Assessment of growth......Page 509 Assessment of puberty......Page 511 Short stature......Page 515 Intrauterine growth retardation......Page 517 Skeletal dysplasias......Page 518 Growth hormone deficiency......Page 519 Growth hormone deficiency: management......Page 521 Tall stature......Page 523 Delayed puberty: assessment......Page 525 Delayed puberty: management......Page 527 Precocious puberty......Page 529 Precocious puberty: management......Page 531 Variants of normal puberty......Page 533 Disorders of sex development......Page 535 Disorders of sex development: management......Page 537 Androgen insensitivity syndrome......Page 539 Micropenis......Page 540 Gynaecomastia......Page 541 14 Neurology......Page 544 Examination......Page 545 Examination: children aged