Oxford American Handbook of Urology (Oxford American Handbooks of Medicine)

The Oxford American Handbook of Urology provides authoritative, point-of-care guidance on all aspects of the field, covering both benign and malignant conditions, as well as medical and surgical management. Incorporating diagnosis and treatment advice from established, published guidelines as well as drawing from the experience of four seasoned urologists, the book's concise and accessible format quickly guides the reader to desired information on common signs and symptoms, incontinence, cancer, infections and infertility plus key information on trauma, urologic emergencies, and pediatric urology. It is an invaluable resource for medical students and residents as well as a useful reference for practitioners. Contents......Page 12 1 Significance and preliminary investigation of urological symptoms and signs......Page 30 Hematuria I: deflnition and types......Page 31 Hematuria II: causes and investigation......Page 33 Hematospermia......Page 37 Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)......Page 39 Nocturia and nocturnal polyuria......Page 43 Flank pain......Page 45 Urinary incontinence in adults......Page 49 Genital symptoms......Page 51 Abdominal examination in urological disease......Page 53 Digital rectal examination (DRE)......Page 57 Lumps in the groin......Page 59 Lumps in the scrotum......Page 61 2 Urological investigations......Page 64 Urine examination......Page 65 Urine cytology......Page 67 Prostatic speciflc antigen (PSA)......Page 68 Radiological imaging of the urinary tract......Page 69 Uses of plain abdominal radiography (KUB X-ray—kidneys, ureters, bladder)......Page 71 Intravenous pyelography (IVP)......Page 73 Other urological contrast studies......Page 77 Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)......Page 79 Radioisotope imaging......Page 81 Uroflowmetry......Page 83 Post-void residual urine volume measurement......Page 87 Cystometry, pressure-flow studies, and videocystometry......Page 89 3 Bladder outlet obstruction......Page 92 Regulation of prostate growth and development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)......Page 93 Pathophysiology and causes of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) and BPH......Page 95 Benign prostatic obstruction (BPO): symptoms and signs......Page 97 Diagnostic tests in men with LUTS thought to be due to BPH......Page 99 Why do men seek treatment for their symptoms?......Page 101 Watchful waiting for uncomplicated BPH......Page 103 Medical management of BPH: α-blockers......Page 105 Medical management of BPH: 5α-reductase inhibitors......Page 107 Medical management of BPH: combination therapy......Page 109 Medical management of BPH: alternative drug therapy......Page 111 Minimally invasive management of BPH: surgical alternatives to TURP......Page 113 Invasive surgical alternatives to TURP......Page 115 TURP and open prostatectomy......Page 117 Acute urinary retention: deflnition, pathophysiology, and causes......Page 119 Acute urinary retention: initial and deflnitive management......Page 123 Indications for and technique of urethral catheterization......Page 125 Indications for and technique of suprapubic catheterization......Page 127 Management of nocturia and nocturnal polyuria......Page 129 High-pressure chronic retention (HPCR)......Page 131 Bladder outlet obstruction and retention in women......Page 133 Urethral stricture disease......Page 135 4 Incontinence......Page 138 Classification......Page 139 Causes and pathophysiology......Page 141 Evaluation......Page 143 Treatment of sphincter weakness incontinence: injection therapy......Page 145 Treatment of sphincter weakness incontinence: retropubic suspension......Page 146 Treatment of sphincter weakness incontinence: pubovaginal slings......Page 147 Treatment of sphincter weakness incontinence: the artiflcial urinary sphincter......Page 149 Overactive bladder: conventional treatment......Page 151 Overactive bladder: options for failed conventional therapy......Page 153 “Mixed” incontinence......Page 155 Post-prostatectomy incontinence......Page 157 Vesicovaginal flstula (VVF)......Page 159 Incontinence in the elderly patient......Page 161 5 Infections and inflammatory conditions......Page 162 Urinary tract infection: deflnitions, incidence, and investigations......Page 163 Urinary tract infection: microbiology......Page 167 Lower urinary tract infection......Page 169 Recurrent urinary tract infection......Page 171 Urinary tract infection: treatment......Page 175 Acute pyelonephritis......Page 177 Pyonephrosis and perinephric abscess......Page 179 Other forms of pyelonephritis......Page 181 Chronic pyelonephritis......Page 183 Septicemia and urosepsis......Page 185 Fournier gangrene......Page 189 Epididymitis and orchitis......Page 191 Periurethral abscess......Page 193 Prostatitis: epidemiology and classiflcation......Page 195 Prostatitis: presentation, evaluation, and treatment......Page 197 Other prostate infections......Page 199 Interstitial cystitis......Page 201 Tuberculosis......Page 205 Parasitic infections......Page 207 HIV in urological surgery......Page 209 Inflammatory and other disorders of the penis......Page 211 6 Urological neoplasia......Page 214 Pathology and molecular biology......Page 217 Prostate cancer: epidemiology and etiology......Page 219 Prostate cancer: incidence, prevalence, and mortality......Page 221 Prostate cancer pathology: premalignant lesions......Page 222 Prostatic-speciflic antigen (PSA) and prostate cancer screening......Page 223 Counseling before prostate cancer screening......Page 224 Prostate cancer: clinical presentation......Page 225 PSA and prostate cancer......Page 227 PSA derivatives: free-to-total ratio, density, and velocity......Page 229 Prostate cancer: transrectal ultrasonography and biopsies......Page 231 Prostate cancer staging......Page 235 Prostate cancer grading......Page 241 Risk stratification in management of prostate cancer......Page 243 General principles of management of localized prostate cancer......Page 244 Management of localized prostate cancer: watchful waiting and active surveillance......Page 245 Management of localized prostate cancer: radical prostatectomy......Page 247 Postoperative course after radical prostatectomy......Page 251 Prostate cancer control with radical prostatectomy......Page 253 Management of localized prostate cancer: radical external beam radiotherapy (EBRT)......Page 255 Management of localized prostate cancer: brachytherapy (BT)......Page 257 Management of localized and radiorecurrent prostate cancer: cryotherapy and HIFU......Page 259 Management of locally advanced nonmetastatic prostate cancer (T3–4 N0M0)......Page 261 Management of advanced prostate cancer: hormone therapy I......Page 262 Management of advanced prostate cancer: hormone therapy II......Page 263 Management of advanced prostate cancer: hormone therapy III......Page 267 Management of advanced prostate cancer: androgen-independent/ castration-resistant disease......Page 269 Palliative management of prostate cancer......Page 271 Prostate cancer: prevention; complementary and alternative therapies......Page 273 Bladder cancer: epidemiology and etiology......Page 275 Bladder cancer: pathology and staging......Page 277 Bladder cancer: presentation......Page 281 Bladder cancer: diagnosis and staging......Page 283 Management of superflcial UC: transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)......Page 285 Management of superflcial UC: adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy and BCG......Page 287 Muscle-invasive bladder cancer: surgical management of localized (pT2/3a) disease......Page 289 Muscle-invasive bladder cancer: radical and palliative radiotherapy......Page 292 Muscle-invasive bladder cancer: management of locally advanced and metastatic disease......Page 293 Bladder cancer: urinary diversion after cystectomy......Page 295 Transitional cell carcinoma (UC) of the renal pelvis and ureter......Page 299 Radiological assessment of renal masses......Page 303 Benign renal masses......Page 305 Renal cell carcinoma: epidemiology and etiology......Page 307 Renal cell carcinoma: pathology, staging, and prognosis......Page 309 Renal cell carcinoma: presentation and investigations......Page 313 Renal cell carcinoma: active surveillance......Page 315 Renal cell carcinoma: surgical treatment I......Page 317 Renal cell carcinoma: surgical treatment II......Page 319 Renal cell carcinoma: management of metastatic disease......Page 321 Testicular cancer: epidemiology and etiology......Page 323 Testicular cancer: clinical presentation......Page 325 Testicular cancer: serum markers......Page 328 Testicular cancer: pathology and staging......Page 329 Testicular cancer: prognostic staging system for metastatic germ cell cancer......Page 332 Testicular cancer: management of non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT)......Page 333 Testicular cancer: management of seminoma, IGCN, and lymphoma......Page 337 Penile neoplasia: benign, viral-related, and premalignant lesions......Page 339 Penile cancer: epidemiology, risk factors, and pathology......Page 343 Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: clinical management......Page 347 Carcinoma of the scrotum......Page 349 Tumors of the testicular adnexa......Page 350 Urethral cancer......Page 351 Retroperitoneal flbrosis......Page 355 Wilms tumor and neuroblastoma......Page 357 7 Miscellaneous urological diseases of the kidney......Page 360 Cystic renal disease: simple cysts......Page 361 Cystic renal disease: calyceal diverticulum......Page 363 Cystic renal disease: medullary sponge kidney (MSK)......Page 365 Acquired renal cystic disease (ARCD)......Page 367 Autosomal dominant (adult) polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)......Page 369 Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) in adults......Page 371 Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction in adults......Page 375 Anomalies of renal ascent and fusion: horseshoe kidney, pelvic kidney, malrotation......Page 377 Renal duplications......Page 381 8 Stone disease......Page 384 Kidney stones: epidemiology......Page 385 Kidney stones: types and predisposing factors......Page 387 Kidney stones: mechanisms of formation......Page 389 Factors predisposing to specific stone types......Page 391 Evaluation of the stone former......Page 395 Kidney stones: presentation and diagnosis......Page 397 Kidney stone treatment options: watchful waiting......Page 399 Stone fragmentation techniques: extracorporeal lithotripsy (ESWL)......Page 401 Intracorporeal techniques of stone fragmentation (fragmentation within the body)......Page 403 Kidney stone treatment: flexible ureteroscopy and laser treatment......Page 407 Kidney stone treatment: percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)......Page 409 Kidney stones: open stone surgery......Page 412 Kidney stones: medical therapy (dissolution therapy)......Page 413 Ureteric stones: presentation......Page 415 Ureteric stones: diagnostic radiological imaging......Page 417 Ureteric stones: acute management......Page 419 Ureteric stones: indications for intervention to relieve obstruction and/or remove the stone......Page 421 Ureteric stone treatment......Page 423 Treatment options for ureteric stones......Page 425 Prevention of calcium oxalate stone formation......Page 427 Bladder stones......Page 429 Management of ureteric stones in pregnancy......Page 431 9 Upper tract obstruction, flank pain, hydronephrosis......Page 434 Hydronephrosis......Page 435 Management of ureteric strictures (other than UPJ obstruction)......Page 439 Pathophysiology of urinary tract obstruction......Page 443 Physiology of urine flow from kidneys to bladder......Page 445 Ureter innervation......Page 446 10 Trauma to the urinary tract and other urological emergencies......Page 448 Renal trauma: classiflcation and grading......Page 449 Renal trauma: clinical and radiological assessment......Page 451 Renal trauma: treatment......Page 455 Ureteral injuries: mechanisms and diagnosis......Page 461 Ureteral injuries: management......Page 463 Bladder and urethral injuries associated with pelvic fractures......Page 469 Bladder injuries......Page 473 Posterior urethral injuries in males and urethral injuries in females......Page 477 Anterior urethral injuries......Page 481 Testicular injuries......Page 483 Penile injuries......Page 485 Torsion of the testis and testicular appendages......Page 489 Paraphimosis......Page 491 Malignant ureteral obstruction......Page 492 Spinal cord and cauda equina compression......Page 493 11 Infertility......Page 494 Male reproductive physiology......Page 495 Etiology and evaluation of male infertility......Page 499 Lab investigation of male infertility......Page 501 Oligospermia and azoospermia......Page 505 Varicocele......Page 507 Treatment options for male factor infertility......Page 509 12 Disorders of erectile function, ejaculation, and seminal vesicles......Page 512 Physiology of erection and ejaculation......Page 513 Impotence: evaluation......Page 517 Impotence: treatment......Page 519 Retrograde ejaculation......Page 521 Peyronie’s disease......Page 523 Priapism......Page 525 13 Neuropathic bladder......Page 528 Innervation of the lower urinary tract (LUT)......Page 529 Physiology of urine storage and micturition......Page 533 Bladder and sphincter behavior in the patient with neurological disease......Page 535 The neuropathic lower urinary tract: clinical consequences of storage and emptying problems......Page 537 Bladder management techniques for the neuropathic patient......Page 539 Catheters and sheaths and the neuropathic patient......Page 545 Management of incontinence in the neuropathic patient......Page 547 Management of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in the neuropathic patient......Page 549 Management of hydronephrosis in the neuropathic patient......Page 551 Management of autonomic dysreflexia in the neuropathic patient......Page 552 Bladder dysfunction in multiple sclerosis, in Parkinson disease, after stroke, and in other neurological disease......Page 553 Neuromodulation in lower urinary tract dysfunction......Page 557 14 Urological problems in pregnancy......Page 560 Physiological and anatomical changes in the urinary tract......Page 561 Urinary tract infection (UTI)......Page 563 Hydronephrosis......Page 565 15 Pediatric urology......Page 566 Embryology: urinary tract......Page 567 Undescended testes......Page 569 Urinary tract infection (UTI)......Page 571 Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR)......Page 573 Ectopic ureter......Page 575 Ureterocele......Page 577 Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction......Page 578 Hypospadias......Page 579 Normal sexual differentiation......Page 581 Abnormal sexual differentiation......Page 583 Cystic kidney disease......Page 587 Exstrophy......Page 589 Epispadias......Page 591 Posterior urethral valves......Page 593 Non-neurogenic voiding dysfunction......Page 595 Nocturnal enuresis......Page 597 16 Urological surgery and equipment......Page 600 Preparation of the patient for urological surgery......Page 601 Antibiotic prophylaxis in urological surgery......Page 603 Complications of surgery in general: DVT and PE......Page 605 Fluid balance and management of shock in the surgical patient......Page 609 Patient safety in the operating room......Page 611 Transurethral resection (TUR) syndrome......Page 612 Catheters and drains in urological surgery......Page 613 Guide wires......Page 619 Irrigating fluids and techniques of bladder washout......Page 621 JJ stents......Page 623 Lasers in urological surgery......Page 627 Diathermy......Page 629 Sterilization of urological equipment......Page 633 Telescopes and light sources in urological endoscopy......Page 635 Consent: general principles......Page 637 Cystoscopy......Page 639 Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)......Page 641 Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)......Page 643 Optical urethrotomy......Page 645 Circumcision......Page 647 Hydrocele and epididymal cyst removal......Page 649 Nesbit procedure......Page 651 Vasectomy and vasovasostomy......Page 653 Orchiectomy......Page 655 Urological incisions......Page 657 JJ stent insertion......Page 659 Nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy......Page 661 Radical prostatectomy......Page 663 Radical cystectomy......Page 665 Ileal conduit......Page 669 Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)......Page 671 Ureteroscopes and ureteroscopy......Page 675 Pyeloplasty......Page 679 Laparoscopic surgery......Page 681 Endoscopic cystolitholapaxy and (open) cystolithotomy......Page 683 Scrotal exploration for torsion and orchiopexy......Page 685 17 Basic science of relevance to urological practice......Page 688 Physiology of bladder and urethra......Page 689 Renal anatomy: renal blood flow and renal function......Page 690 Renal physiology: regulation of water balance......Page 693 Renal physiology: regulation of sodium and potassium excretion......Page 694 Renal physiology: acid–base balance......Page 695 18 Urological eponyms......Page 698 B......Page 702 C......Page 704 F......Page 705 H......Page 706 I......Page 707 L......Page 708 M......Page 709 N......Page 710 P......Page 712 R......Page 714 S......Page 715 T......Page 716 U......Page 717 Z......Page 720 (Publisher-supplied data) 1 Significance and preliminary investigation of urological symptoms and signs xxx 2 Urological investigations xxx 3 Bladder outlet obstruction 4 Incontinence 5 Infections and inflammatory conditions 6 Urological neoplasia 7 Miscellaneous urological disease of the kidney 8 Stone disease 9 Upper tract obstruction, loin pain, hydronephrosis 10 Trauma to the urinary tract and other urological emergencies 11 Infertility 12 Disorders of erectile function, ejaculation and seminal vesicles 13 Neuropathic bladder xxx 14 Urological problems in pregnancy 15 Pediatric urology 16 Urological surgery and equipment 17 Basic science of relevance to urological practice 18 Urological eponyms.