Ovarian Cancer: Molecular & Diagnostic Imaging and Treatment Strategies (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Book 1330)

"The present book on Molecular & Diagnostic Imaging and Treatment Strategies of ovarian cancer is one of two companion books with the second one being focused on Cell and Molecular Biology of Ovarian Cancer. Both books include new exciting aspects of ovarian cancer research with chapters written by experts in their respective fields who contributed their unique expertise in specific ovarian cancer research areas and include cell and molecular details that are important for the specific subtopics. Comprehensive and concise reviews are included of key topics in the field"--Publisher's description Preface Contents 1: Current and Futuristic Roadmap of Ovarian Cancer Management: An Overview 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Ovarian Cancer: Origin and Histological Subtypes 1.2.1 Epithelial Ovarian Cancers 1.2.1.1 Type I Epithelial Ovarian Cancer 1.2.1.2 Type II Epithelial Ovarian Cancer 1.2.2 Sex Cord-Stromal Ovarian Cancers 1.2.3 Germ Cell Ovarian Cancers 1.3 Molecular Alterations Associated with Ovarian Cancer Pathogenesis 1.3.1 Nuclear Genetic Alterations 1.3.2 Mitochondrial Genetic Alterations 1.4 Molecular Pathways Associated with Ovarian Cancer Pathogenesis 1.4.1 PI3K/PTEN/AKT Pathway 1.4.2 JAK/STAT Pathway 1.4.3 MAP Kinase Pathway 1.4.4 Notch Signaling Pathway 1.4.5 NF-κB Signaling Pathway 1.5 Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers in Ovarian Cancer 1.6 Therapeutic Approaches for the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer 1.6.1 Surgical Strategies 1.6.2 Chemotherapy 1.6.3 Mechanism-Based Targeted Therapies 1.6.3.1 Tumor Cell-Targeted Therapies 1.6.3.2 Tumor Microenvironment-Targeted Therapies Targeting Tumor Vasculature Targeting Exosomes Immunotherapy 1.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References 2: Epithelial Ovarian Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells 2.1 Ovarian Cancer, Treatment, and Recurrence 2.2 Cytotoxic Effects of Platinum and Platinum Resistance 2.3 CSCs 2.4 Identification of CSCs 2.5 Ovarian CSCs 2.5.1 CD44 2.5.2 CD24 2.5.3 CD133 2.6 Resistance to Chemotherapy and CSCs References 3: Ovarian Cancer: Therapeutic Strategies to Overcome Immune Suppression 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Factors Regulating a Tumor-Promoting Equilibrium in Ovarian Cancer 3.2.1 Immune Suppression by T Cells in Ovarian Cancer 3.2.2 Critical Role of Immune-Enhancing T Cells in Ovarian Cancer Outcome 3.2.3 Immune Checkpoint Junctions and Ovarian Cancer 3.2.4 Impact of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in the TME 3.2.5 Opposing Roles of Dendritic Cells in Ovarian Cancer Immunity 3.2.6 Other Important Cellular Components in the Complex Ovarian Cancer Milieu 3.3 Newer Therapies in Ovarian Cancer 3.3.1 Bevacizumab 3.3.2 Blocking the c-MET Axis 3.3.3 PARP Inhibitors 3.3.4 Epigenetic Modulators in Ovarian Cancer 3.3.5 Immunotherapeutic Strategies in Ovarian Cancer 3.3.5.1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy 3.3.5.2 Dendritic Cell Vaccine Therapy 3.3.5.3 Adoptive Immunotherapy 3.4 Looking Forward References 4: Pharmacological Effects of Natural Components Against Ovarian Cancer and Mechanisms 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Lignans 4.1.2 Main Components of Pomegranate, Ellagic Acid, and Luteolin 4.1.3 Mangiferin 4.1.4 Acanthopanax senticosus 4.1.5 MMPs 4.1.6 Natural Components in Ovarian Cancer Treatments 4.2 Materials and Methods 4.2.1 Reagents 4.2.2 Cell Culture 4.2.3 MTT Assay 4.2.4 Crystal Violet Assay 4.2.5 Wound Healing Assay 4.2.6 Western Blot Analysis 4.2.7 Nude Mice In Vivo Experiments 4.2.8 ELISA Analysis 4.2.9 HE Staining 4.2.10 Immunohistochemical Staining 4.2.11 Statistical Analysis 4.3 Results 4.3.1 PFJ, EA, and L Could Inhibit the Proliferation of Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cell Line A2780 Cells 4.3.2 PFJ, EA, and L Could Inhibit the Migration of Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cell Line A2780 Cells 4.3.3 The Expression Levels of MMP2 and MMP9 Were Markedly Downregulated by PFJ, EA, and L 4.3.4 PFJ, EA, and L Inhibited Tumor Growth In Vivo 4.3.5 PFJ, EA, and L Inhibited MMP2 and MMP9 Expression: Histological and Biochemical Evidence 4.4 Discussion and Conclusion 4.5 Further Direction of Natural Compounds in Ovarian Cancer References 5: Modeling the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Dissemination in an Organotypic Culture of the Human Peritoneal Cavity 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Mesothelial Cells 5.3 Fibroblasts 5.4 Adipocytes 5.5 Macrophages 5.6 Neutrophils 5.7 T Lymphocytes 5.8 Peritoneal Model for Functional Analysis of Adhesion, Invasion, and Proliferation 5.9 Peritoneal Model for High-Throughput Screening 5.10 Omental Model Ex Vivo 5.11 Organoids 5.12 Conclusion References 6: PAX8, an Emerging Player in Ovarian Cancer 6.1 Ovarian Cancer 6.1.1 Origin of HGSC 6.2 Overview of PAX Genes 6.3 The Transcription Factor PAX8 6.3.1 PAX8 Expression in Normal Tissues 6.3.2 PAX8 Expression in Cancer Tissues 6.4 PAX8 as a Player in Ovarian Cancer 6.4.1 PAX8-Dependent Tumorigenic Phenotype 6.4.2 Pathways Regulated by PAX8 in Ovarian Cancer 6.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References 7: Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Ovarian Cancer: Promises and Challenges 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Why Consider scRNA-Seq in Ovarian Cancer? 7.3 Evolution of RNA Sequencing Techniques 7.4 Basic Framework of Single-Cell Isolation Protocols 7.4.1 Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Data Analysis 7.5 Applications of Single-Cell RNA Sequencing in Ovarian Cancer 7.5.1 Characterizing the Heterogeneity of a Tumor Population and Identifying Cell Types 7.5.1.1 Identification of Cell Subtypes and Molecular Subtypes 7.5.1.2 Studying Immune Microenvironment of a Tumor 7.5.1.3 Evolution of Therapy Resistance 7.5.2 Identification of Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells/Ovarian Cancer Stem like Cells 7.5.3 Circulating Tumor Cells and Metastatic Dissemination 7.5.4 Studying Tumor-Derived Exosomes 7.6 Published and Ongoing Work in Ovarian Cancer Using ScRNA-Seq 7.7 Conclusion References 8: Enforced Expression of METCAM/MUC18 Decreases In Vitro Motility and Invasiveness and Tumorigenesis and In Vivo Tumorigenesis of Human Ovarian Cancer BG-1 Cells 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Materials and Methods 8.3 Results 8.4 Discussion 8.5 Perspectives and Clinical Applications References 9: 3D Models for Ovarian Cancer 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Ovarian Cancer 9.3 3D Models That Recreate The Ovarian TME 9.3.1 Cancer Spheroids 9.3.2 Hydrogel-Based Models 9.3.3 Organoids 9.3.4 Organotypic Cultures 9.3.5 Scaffold-Based Organotypic Cultures 9.3.6 Cancer-on-a-Chip Devices 9.4 Conclusion References 10: Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells: Characterization and Role in Tumorigenesis 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Normal Cell Versus Cancer Cell 10.3 Stem Cells Versus Cancer Stem Cells 10.3.1 Stem Cell 10.3.2 Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) 10.4 Genetics of Ovarian Cancer 10.5 Identification of Ovarian CSCs 10.6 Tumor Microenvironment and OCSCs 10.7 Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) 10.8 Targeted Therapy for OCSC 10.9 Concluding Remarks/Foresights References Index 1. Current and Futuristic Roadmap of Ovarian Cancer Management: An Overview -- 2. Epithelial ovarian cancer and cancer stem cells -- 3. Ovarian Cancer: Therapeutic Strategies to Overcome Immune Suppression -- 4. Pharmacological effects of natural components against ovarian cancer and mechanisms -- 5. Modeling the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Dissemination in an Organotypic Culture of the Human Peritoneal Cavity -- 6. PAX8, an emerging player in Ovarian Cancer -- 7. Single Cell RNA Sequencing of Ovarian Cancer: Promises and Challenges.-8. Enforced expression of METCAM/MUC18 decreases in vitro motility and invasiveness and tumorigenesis and in vivo tumorigenesis of human ovarian cancer BG-1 cells -- 9. 3D Models for Ovarian Cancer -- 10. Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells: Characterization and Role in Tumorigenesis