ژن‌های ما، انتخاب‌های ما: چگونه ژنوتیپ و تعاملات ژنی بر رفتار تأثیر می‌گذارند

Our Genes, Our Choices: How Genotype and Gene Interactions Affect Behavior, Second Edition explains how the complexity of human behavior, including concepts of free will, derives from a relatively small number of genes which direct neurodevelopmental sequences. Are people free to make choices or do genes determine behavior? Paradoxically, the answer to both questions is "yes," because of neurogenetic individuality, a new theory with profound implications. Here, author David Goldman uses judicial, political, medical, and ethical examples to illustrate that this lifelong process is guided by individual genotype, molecular and physiologic principles, as well as by randomness and environmental exposures. Written in an authoritative yet accessible style, the book includes practical descriptions of the function of DNA, discusses the scientific and historical bases of genethics, and introduces the topics of epigenetics and the predictive power of behavioral genetics. Updates on the previous edition which was the First Prize winner of the 2013 BMA Medical Book Award for Basic and Clinical Sciences Poses and resolves challenges to moral responsibility raised by modern genetics and neuroscience Analyzes the neurogenetic origins of human behavior and free will Features expanded sections on the neurogenetic basis of free will, polygenic risk scores, and epigenetic influence over behavior, as well as improved figures and updated terminology Front Cover Our Genes, Our Choices: How genotype and gene interactions affect behavior Copyright Disclaimer Dedication Contents About the author Preface Chapter 1 Introduction: Thou mayest choose References Chapter 2 The jinn in the genome Fifteen minutes of fame Some famous geneticists and why they are famous The jinns of knowledge and technology Revolutions in culture and evolution of genes Genes, brain, and individuality The neurogenetics of determinism and freedom References Chapter 3 2B or not 2B? Anecdata and data A common stop codon causing impulsivity and hyperarousal Validating an impulsivity gene in a mouse model References Chapter 4 Stephen Mobley and his X chromosome The death of Stephen Mobley The Kallikak effect Mobley demands a genetic test Combining gene and hormone to predict impulsivity Carrying kohl to Italy The state of DNA in prediction of violence References Chapter 5 Dial multifactorial for murder: The intersection of genes and culture A murder in the lab Missing puzzle pieces, an obstacle to reductionism Why are some societies more violent? Guns or people? A fierce people Civilizing people Violent youth References Chapter 6 Distorted capacity: The measure of the impaired will Conscious and unconscious behavior Context appropriate and inappropriate behavior Personality types and choices The inheritance of impulsivity, and what it means Impulsivity differs from person to person and from species to species Zero-trial learning Impulsivity and aggression in context Measuring impulsivity and aggression Integrating measures and genes Measuring the brain The arousal ( thymos) of youth Animal models of arousal, impulsivity, and aggression References Chapter 7 Distorted capacity: Neuropsychiatric diseases and the impaired will Impulsivity, diminished capacity, and neuropsychiatric disease Affective disorders Substance use disorders and other addictions Obsessive-compulsive disorder Tourette syndrome Common origins of disorders of impulse? Schizophrenia Delusional disorder Disorders of impulse control Antisocial personality disorder Intermittent explosive disorder Borderline personality disorder Childhood conduct disorder Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder References Chapter 8 Inheritance of behavior and genes “for” behavior: Gene wars The debate on the heritability of behavior The genome encodes reaction range Choice and reaction range Reaction range and free will Twin studies and controversies they provoked The debate on genes “for” behavior People are not monkeys The politics of behavioral genetics Antipsychiatry: Are psychiatric diagnoses valid? References Chapter 9 The scientific and historic basis of genethics Standards of science and evidence Ethics of research: Trust, but verify Genes, jobs, and groups The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act Gene therapy Group consent and individual consent Beyond a pretense of autonomy References Chapter 10 The world is double helical: DNA, RNA, and proteins, in a few easy pieces DNA recipes Polymorphism Protein polymorphism DNA polymorphism Measured ancestry References Chapter 11 The stochastic brain: From DNA blueprint to behavior Self-assembly Cell assembly Interactomes Stochasticity Cascades, chaos, and great attractors Brain assembly Fire together, wire together Fractal neurons Stochasticity in higher order brain structure The stochastic basis of individual and group intelligence Rules guiding the chaos of brain evolution and development Sense of self References Chapter 12 Reintroducing genes and behavior Behavioral prediction, a science imperfect Commercialization of behavioral prediction The future of genetic behavioral prediction A gene causing anemia A gene causing self-mutilation A gene causing cognitive deficiency References Chapter 13 Warriors and worriers A common genetic variant “for” warriors and worriers Executive cognitive function Cognitive flexibility and free will Why are manholes round? Perseveration Worriers and warriors References Chapter 14 How many genes does it take to make a behavior? Single genes Polygenic and epistatic models of behavior Bayesian reasoning—How to use prior probability Behavior and the single gene References Chapter 15 The genesis and genetics of sexual behavior Gender and sex Biological determinants of gender We are love machines Sneaker males Slaves to sex: The difficulty of turning off the sex drive How people modulate and harness their sex drives Taboos Homosexuality and the “gay gene” Elliot Gershon and the in-depth family paradigm Discovery of the “gay gene” Is homosexuality inherited from one’s mother? Genes for homosexuality References Chapter 16 Gene-by-environment interaction Variations on the theme of gene-by-environment interaction Ancient environment × genome interaction Nature × nurture What is gene-by-environment interaction? Genes that modulate stress resilience Intermediate phenotype and endophenotype Interactions leading to psychiatric disease Animal models of gene-by-stress interaction Love, in monkeys? References Chapter 17 The epigenetic revolution: The imprint of the environment on the genome Measuring environmental contingency An imprint of experience in the DNA Types of epigenetic imprint Wiping the epigenetic slate clean... But not quite clean Measuring epigenetic variation First look at the epigenetic “depth” of the human genome References Chapter 18 Time out for free will Temporary and longer lasting impairments of choice Social implementations of the science of choice Ideology in genomics: The example of race and ancestry References Chapter 19 The top-down neurogenesis of free will Conscious automata A brief manual of parenting Free will and the conundrum of behavioral causality Exorcizing genetic behavioral determinism Neurogenetically influenced behavioral archetypes References Chapter 20 Neurogenetic origins of free will Reference Index Back Cover Our Genes, Our Choices: How Genotype and Gene Interactions Affect Behavior, Second Edition explains how the complexity of human behavior, including concepts of free will, derives from a relatively small number of genes, which direct neurodevelopmental sequences. Are people free to make choices, or do genes determine behavior? Paradoxically, the answer to both questions is'yes,'because of neurogenetic individuality, a new theory with profound implications. Here, author David Goldman uses judicial, political, medical, and ethical examples to illustrate that this lifelong process is guided by individual genotype, molecular and physiologic principles, as well as by randomness and environmental exposures, a combination of factors that we choose and do not choose. Written in an authoritative yet accessible style, the book includes practical descriptions of the function of DNA, discusses the scientific and historical bases of genethics, and introduces the topics of epigenetics and the predictive power of behavioral genetics. In the decade since the first edition published, knowledge of genetic influences on the neurogenetic underpinnings of behavior has been transformed by genomic technologies. Genome-Wide Association studies, for example, have revealed that hundreds of genes influence vulnerability to psychiatric disease and innate predisposition to risk-taking behaviors. This new edition has been thoroughly revised to focus on free will and its neurogenetic origins. In addition, the use of polygenic scores for behavioral prediction are discussed in-depth, reflecting the GWAS (Genome-Wide Association Study) revolution and combined use of genetic predictors in polygenic scores. Sections on epigenetics are also substantially expanded throughout, better defined, and tied to neuroplasticity and gene-environment interaction. Figures and illustrations have been added or improved throughout, and disease nosology and terminology has been updated. Updates on the previous edition which was the First Prize winner of the 2013 BMA Medical Book Award for Basic and Clinical SciencesPoses and resolves challenges to moral responsibility raised by modern genetics and neuroscienceAnalyzes the neurogenetic origins of human behavior and free willFeatures expanded sections on the neurogenetic basis of free will, polygenic risk scores, and epigenetic influence over behavior, as well as improved figures and updated terminology