Основы технического перевода: Учебное пособие

2.1. Тексты для аудиторного чтения Text 1: Inventions Throughout the Ages 1023 – First paper money printed in China. 1045 – Movable type printing by Bi Sheng in China Circa 1050 – Crossbow invented in France. 1182 – Magnetic compass invented. Circa 1200 – Clothing buttons invented. 1202 – The Hindu-Arabic numbering system introduced to the west by Italian mathematician, Fibonacci. 1249 – Rodger Bacon invented his gunpowder formula. Circa 1250 – Gun invented in China. Circa 1268 – 1289 – Invention of eyeglasses. Circa 1280 – Mechanical clocks invented. Circa 1285 – 1290 – Windmills invented. 1295 – Modern glassmaking begins in Italy. 1328 – First sawmill. 1326 – First mention of a handgun. 1366 – Scales for weighing invented. 15th Century The 15th century gave birth to three major events: the beginning of the Renaissance Era (circa 1453); the birth of the Age of Discovery with increased exploration and improved naval ships and navigation methods that created new trade routes and trade ... 16th Century 18th Century 19th Century 20th Century I. Дайте ответы на следующие вопросы: 1. Circa 1050 – Crossbow invented in France. 2. Circa 1200 – Clothing buttons invented. 3. 1249 – Rodger Bacon invented his gunpowder formula. 4. Circa 1268 – 1289 – Invention of eyeglasses. 5. 1328 – First sawmill. 6. 1326 – First mention of a handgun. Text 2: Top 10 British Inventions That Changed the World I. Дайте ответы на следующие вопросы: Text 3: 10 Bizarre Forgotten Inventions from Famous Inventors 2. The Giant Crossbow (Leonardo Da Vinci) 3. The Metal Detector (Alexander Graham Bell) 4. The Teleautomaton Boat (Nikola Tesla) 5. The Copier (James Watt) 6. Soda Water (Joseph Priestley) 7. The Bouillon Cube (Justus Von Liebig) 8. The Life Table (Edmond Halley) 9. The Electric Piano (Walther Nernst) 10. The Talking Doll (Thomas Edison) I. Дайте ответы на следующие вопросы: Text 4: 10 American Inventions That Aren’t I. Дайте ответы на следующие вопросы: Text 5: Power Engineering problems and prospects Electricity became a subject of scientific interest in the late 17th century with the work of William Gilbert. Over the next two centuries a number of important discoveries were made including the incandescent light bulb and the voltaic pile. Probably... Power engineering is a network of interconnected components which convert different forms of energy to electrical energy. Modern power engineering consists of three main subsystems: the generation subsystem, the transmission subsystem, and the distrib... Energy conservation is an issue with many aspects that continue to evolve. There have been major areas of technical improvement. There are also important areas in which there has been virtually no improvement, and hence, most of the potential of energ... A modern energy concept is a wholesale distributor of innovative commercial lighting products with over 23 years of practical lighting experience in a wide variety of applications. On the cutting edge of the lighting industry, we always have a clear v... Nuclear power has been championed as a source of cheap energy. But this was undermined at the end of the 20th century by high-profile reactor accidents, the problems of radioactive waste disposal, competition from more-efficient electricity sources an... In recent years there has been a slowdown of electricity demand growth and financing has become more difficult, which has an impact on large projects such as nuclear reactors with very large upfront costs and long project cycles which carry a large va... Analysis of the economics of nuclear power must take into account that bears the risks of future uncertainties. To date all operating nuclear power plants were developed by state-owned or regulated utility monopolies where many of the risks associated... There is probably one thing that we can all agree on: the world’s energy reserves are not unlimited. Actually that's not strictly true, there is a near unlimited supply of energy coming from the sun but we are pretty bad at converting it into useful e... It is pretty certain that we will run out of gas in your lifetime. Quite when it will happen is up for debate but a guess of around twenty years would probably be pretty close. That's not long considering that, certainly in the UK, a good portion of h... But even if we can get exclusive access to that oil, and that's unlikely, it's a rather sort amount of time before people start getting cold and hungry. Make no mistakes, when the oil runs out the western culture will collapse and we will be sent hurt... It is fairly clear that we need to do something about this problem now and not in twenty years when it start to really cause us problems. It takes huge amounts of money and a long time to develop a new energy technology to the point where it is useful... As a result, there were many government initiatives toward energy conservation, including massive spending on research, major new laws, and incentives for favored energy conservation activities. Energy conservation continues to be a national imperativ... I. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы: 1. What is power engineering? 2. How many subsystems are there in modern power engineering? What are they? 3. Who made a great contribution to the development of power engineering? 4. What is an electromagnetic induction? 5. What ate the achievements in the field of lighting industry? 6. Is it true that nuclear power is a source of cheap and safe energy? 7. What measures were made to develop energy conservation? II. Укажите, являются утверждения верными (true) или неверными (false). 1. In 1890 Michael Faraday discovered that a change in magnetic flux induces an electromotive force in a loop of wire. 2. In the generation subsystem, the power plant produces the electricity. 3. Nuclear power has been championed as a source of expensive energy. 4. The world’s energy reserves are limited. 5. Nuclear power plants typically have low capital costs, but high direct fuel costs. III. Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим словам и словосочетаниям: incandescent light bulb, voltaic pile, with respect to, power engineering, magnetic flux, generation, transmission, distribution, energy conservation, virtually, nuclear power, light-emitting diode, high-intensity discharge lamp, nuclear weapons proli... разрядная лампа высокой интенсивности, магнитный поток, передача, сохранение энергии, лампа накаливания, распространение ядерного оружия, гальваническая батарея, ядерная энергия, что касается, производство (выработка), светодиод, энергетика, распредел... IV. Сравните предложения в действительном и страдательном залоге, переведите их. 1. Scientists made a number of great discoveries in the field of electricity. – A number of great discoveries in the field of electricity were made by scientists. 2. The transmission subsystem transmits the electricity to the load centers. – Electricity is transmitted to the load centers in the transmission subsystem. 3. Light-emitting diode and induction lighting have replaced the less efficient high-intensity discharge lamp and fluorescent lamps throughout the world. – The less efficient high-intensity discharge lamps and fluorescent lamps have been replaced by l... 4. We must take into account the analysis of the economics of nuclear power. – The analysis of the economics of nuclear power must be taken into account. 5. Today we are making significant generalizations about the modern era of energy conservation. – Significant generalizations about the modern era of energy conservation are being made today. light-emitting diode, high-intensity discharge lamp, high-profile reactor accidents, nuclear weapons proliferation, state-owned or regulated utility monopolies, magnetic flux Text 6: The Structure of Matter Application of Atomic Structure to Static Electricity. This brief excursion into the history of atomic theory leads to some important conclusions about the structure of matter that will be of utmost importance to our study of static electricity. Those... I. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы: III. Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим словам и словосочетаниям: attractive, gaseous substance, structural unit, vicinity, compound, to conduct experiments, electron shells, negatively/ positively charged, repulsive, cathode ray, a variety of, indivisible, electrical properties, a building block, weakly/ tightly bound соседство, стандартный элемент, поток электронов, газообразное вещество, притягивающий, соединение, разнообразие, проводить эксперименты, слабо /тесно связанный, отрицательно/положительно заряженный, электрические свойства, электронная оболочка, оттал... IV. Составьте предложения из следующих слов в соответствии с порядком слов в английском предложении. 1. atoms, all matter, liquids, such as, solids, is composed, and, gases, of. 2. together, atoms, with, are grouped, to form, a molecule, other atoms. 3. cathode ray experiments, the discovery, led to, J.J. Thomson's, of, electron, the negatively charged. 4. are bound, the protons, within, and, tightly, neutrons, the nucleus, together, of the atom. 5. neutrons, positively charged, and, contains, the atom, of, the nucleus, protons, neutral. V. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода безличных конструкций в страдательном залоге. 1. It is known that atoms as the building blocks of matter depend upon electrostatic forces both attractive and repulsive 2. It cannot be denied that all static electricity events can only be explained by an understanding of the physics of electrostatics. 3. It must be stressed that the three main subatomic particles are the proton, electron and neutron. 4. It should be remembered that electrostatic phenomenon can never be explained by the movement of protons. 5. It is said that matter is made of indivisible building blocks known as atoms. cathode ray experiments, negatively charged electron, atomic structure, densely packed core, quantum mechanics, positively charged proton, tightly bound neutrons I. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы: 1. What is electricity? 2. When did electricity occur? 3. What is an electric field? 4. What is electricity used for in electrical engineering? 5. What are three phenomena that made up all of man’s knowledge of electrical effects? 6. What led to the quantum revolution? 7. What do common solid-state devices include? II. Укажите, являются утверждения верными (true) или неверными (false). 1. Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow of electric potential. 2. In electricity, charges produce electromagnetic fields. 3. Electric potential is a movement or flow of electrically charged particles, typically measured in amperes. 4. Ancient cultures that certain objects, such as rods of copper, could be rubbed with cat's fur to attract light objects like feathers. 5. William Gilbert coined the new Latin word electricus («of amber» or «like amber», elektron, the Greek word for «amber») to refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed. III. Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим словам и словосочетаниям: lightning, electromagnetic induction, electric current, electromagnetic fields, integrated circuit, versatility, amber, friction, succession, scientific curiosity, driving force, solid-state device, contact junction, to amplify, semiconductor IV. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на использование структур типа А есть Б (глагол-связка и именная часть). 1. Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow of electric charge. 2. Electrically charged matter is a matter influenced by, and produces electromagnetic fields. 3. Electric potential is the capacity of an electric field to do work on an electric charge, typically measured in volts. 4. Electric current is a movement or flow of electrically charged particles, typically measured in amperes. 5. The first solid-state device is the «cat's whisker» detector, first used in the 1900s in radio receivers. 1. One knows that electrical phenomena have been studied since antiquity. 2. One must remember that electric potential is measured in volts. 3. One believes that moving charges produce a magnetic field. 4. One is faced with the difficulty to put electricity to industrial and residential use. 5. One must know that electricity’s extraordinary versatility means it can be put to an almost limitless set of applications which include transport, heating, lighting, communications, and computation. Types of Circuits History of Electrical Circuits. Early investigations of static electricity go back hundreds of years. Static electricity is a transfer of electrons produced by friction, like when you rub a balloon across a sweater. A spark or very brief flow of curre... Electronic Circuits. You may have heard the term chip, especially when the subject of computer hardware comes up. A chip is a tiny piece of silicon, usually around one centimeter square. A chip may be a single transistor (a piece of silicon that ampli... I. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы: III. Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим словам и словосочетаниям: источник напряжения, система электропроводки, параллельная цепь, замкнутая цепь, последовательная цепь, токопроводящая дорожка (перемычка), конденсатор, нагрузка, переменный ток, короткое замыкание, печатная плата, электрическая цепь, плавкий предохра... IV. Прочитайте и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на предлоги, союзы и наречия, создающие логические связи между отдельными элементами высказываний. 1. Thus high-voltage direct current transmission uses very big converters. 2. For the purpose of understanding what a series circuit is the electrical bell circuit is considered to be a typical example of this type of circuits. 3. In order to understand the difference between an electronic circuit and an electrical circuit, it is important to say that they have the same definition, but electronic circuits tend to be low voltage circuits rather than electric circuits. 4. In addition to simple circuits, there are complex ones, where the load is a combination of components, such as resistors, capacitors, transistors, and so on. 5. If your circuit has two pathways through which current can flow, the current doesn't choose one over the other; it chooses both. However, not all paths are equal; in this connection current doesn't flow equally through all paths. 6. If the current flow is too great, a fuse is virtually used as a safety device to stop the current flow. V. Обратите внимание на буквенные сокращения словосочетаний, которые являются важным компонентом научно-технического текста. Переведите предложения, содержащие аббревиатуру. 1. AC – alternating current; DC –direct current. Converters can change AC to DC and vice versa. 2. IC – integrated circuit. The chips in a hybrid IC may be a combination of transistors, resistors, capacitors and monolithic IC chips. 3. PCB – printed circuit board. PCB holds an electronic circuit together. 4. PCBA – printed circuit board assembly. The completed PCB with components attached is a printed circuit board assembly, or PCBA. 5. CAD – computer-aided design. Many of the circuits used in digital computers are extremely complex and use millions of transistors, so CADs are the only practical way to design them. 6. kHz – kilohertz; MHz – megahertz; GHz – gigahertz. The frequencies used for all types of wireless communication has steady advanced over the years, from the kilohertz (kHz) range in the early days of radio to the megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz (GHz) range today. hydroelectric power generating station, alternating current, battery operated vehicle, conductive path, wiring system, incandescent light bulb, hermetically sealed relay, printed circuit board, printed circuit board assembly, computer-aided design. Text 1: A look into the future: 21st century inventions We live in a world of technology, and we can see new things invented by scientists and inventors every day. Just remember how in the past, things were done in hours; nowadays, it can take less than one minute for the same thing. We owe it to the techn... Robotics. Robots have been around since the twentieth century in one form or another, but it won’t be until the twenty-first century that they will become truly common and useful. Performing everything from fire-fighting to carpentry, by the end of th... Genetic Engineering. It’s difficult to imagine that we are on the threshold of being able to program our own DNA, but that is the next step in human evolution. By the end of the century, parents will be able to determine the sex, intelligence, and eve... Hypersonic Transportation. Just as the airplane revolutionized travel in the twentieth century, there is no reason to believe that evolution to ever faster speeds is going to end anytime soon. As such, it is likely that before the dawn of the next cen... Free Energy. The holy grail of science has been the acquisition of energy that comes from non-polluting sources (i.e. oil, natural gas, coal, etc.). By the end of the century it is likely that dream will become a reality. However, it will come from se... Artificial Intelligence. It’s one thing to make a robot do daily chores around the house; it’s quite another to get it to think about how best to carry out its task. In the world of artificial intelligence machines will actually be capable of learning... Nanotechnology. It sounds like something right out of Star Trek, but nanotechnology — those microscopically small, self-replicating machines — may well be a reality a few decades from now. Their ability to effect repairs on the human body on a microsc... Human Cloning. Actually, cloning has been known since the twentieth century, so it’s nothing really new. However, if we can clone a sheep, it should be possible to clone a human being, which is probably going to become a common-place reality in the e... Antigravity. It sounds unlikely, but the creation of monopoles (magnets that have only one pole) might be quite doable in another seventy years or so. Technically this wouldn’t be true anti-gravity but magnetism. However, the effect would be similar. ... Automation. By the end of the 21st century, your house, car, refrigerator, etc. will be smarter than you and capable of carrying out nearly any task you might have in mind. Not only would your house be entirely automated, but so would just about every... Hydrogen Powered Cars. Since people have such a love affair with their automobile, it’s hard to imagine the car disappearing anytime soon. However, it is conceivable that by the middle of the twenty-first century, the good old internal combustion eng... Text 2: Outstanding inventors: Thomas Alva Edison Birth of Thomas Alva Edison. Thomas Alva Edison was born to Sam and Nancy on February 11, 1847, in Milan, Ohio. Known as “Al” in his youth, Edison was the youngest of seven children, four of whom survived to adulthood. Edison tended to be in poor heal... Loss of Hearing. Around the age of twelve, Edison lost almost all his hearing. There are several theories as to what caused his hearing loss. Some attribute it to the aftereffects of scarlet fever which he had as a child. Others blame it on a conducto... Work as a Telegraph Operator. In 1862, Edison rescued a three-year-old from a track where a boxcar was about to roll into him. The grateful father, J.U. MacKenzie, taught Edison railroad telegraphy as a reward. That winter, he took a job as a telegrap... Love of Invention. In 1868, Edison moved to Boston where he worked in the Western Union office and worked on his inventions. In January 1869 Edison resigned his job, intending to devote himself fulltime to inventing things. His first invention to rece... Pope, Edison and Company. In October 1869, Edison formed with Franklin L. Pope and James Ashley the organization Pope, Edison and Co. They advertised themselves as electrical engineers and constructors of electrical devices. Edison received several pa... Death, Marriage & Birth. His personal life during this period also brought much change. Edison’s mother died in 1871, and later that year, he married a former employee, Mary Stilwell, on Christmas Day. Their first child, Marion, was born in February 1... Menlo Park. Edison opened a new laboratory in Menlo Park, NJ, in 1876. This site later become known as an «invention factory» since they worked on several different inventions at any given time there. Edison would conduct numerous experiments to find ... Phonograph. Edison’s experiments with the telephone and the telegraph led to his invention of the phonograph in 1877. It occurred to him that sound could be recorded as indentations on a rapidly-moving piece of paper. Electric Light System. Edison focused on the electric light system in 1878, setting aside the phonograph for almost a decade. With the backing of financiers, The Edison Electric Light Co. was formed on November 15 to carry out experiments with electri... Edison set up an electric light factory in East Newark in 1881, and then the following year moved his family and himself to New York and set up a laboratory there. Lighting Becomes a Commercial Commodity. In order to prove its viability, the first commercial electric light system was installed on Pearl Street in the financial district of Lower Manhattan in 1882. Initially, only four hundred lamps were lit; a yea... Remarriage. Edison’s wife, Mary, died on August 9, 1884, possibly from a brain tumor. Edison remarried to Mina Miller on February 24, 1886, and, with his wife, moved into a large mansion named Glenmont in West Orange, New Jersey. In 1887, Edison had b... Thomas Edison’s Phonograph Company. In 1896, Edison started the National Phonograph Co. with the intent of making phonographs for home amusement. Over the years, Edison made improvements to the phonograph and to the cylinders which were played on them... Motion Pictures. In 1888, Edison decided to work on his own motion picture camera at his laboratory. The task of inventing the machine fell to Edison’s associate William K. L. Dickson. Dickson initially experimented with a cylinder-based device for re... October 18, 1931. For his last two years, a series of ailments caused his health to decline until he lapsed into a coma on October 14, 1931. He died on October 18, 1931, at his estate, Glenmont, in West Orange, New Jersey. By the end of his life Ediso... Text 3: James Watt Inventor of the Modern Steam Engine. Steam engines used to pump water out of mines in England existed when James Watt was born. The discovery that steam could be harnessed and made to work is not credited to James Watt. We do not know exactly who made... James Watt. We can imagine a young James Watt, sitting by the fireplace in his mother’s cottage, intently watching the steam rising from the boiling tea kettle, the beginning of a lifelong fascination with steam. James Watt and Matthew Boulton. After one or two disastrous business experiences, James Watt associated himself with Matthew Boulton, an owner of the Soho Engineering Works, near Birmingham. The firm of Boulton and Watt became famous, and James Watt l... Rivals. Matthew Boulton and James Watt, however, though they were pioneers, were not the only ones working on the development of the steam engine. They had rivals, one was Richard Trevithick in England; another was Oliver Evans of Philadelphia. Indepe... Text 4: Nikola Tesla Mystery Invention. Ten years after patenting a successful method for producing alternating current, Nikola Tesla claimed the invention of an electrical generator that would not consume any fuel. Tesla stated about his invention that he had harnessed t... Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison. Nikola Tesla was Thomas Edison's rival at the end of the 19th century. In fact, he was more famous than Edison throughout the 1890's. His invention of polyphase electric power earned him worldwide fame and fortune. Radio Pioneer. Nikola Tesla was also a radio pioneer in a time when the general public still considered it witchcraft. There’s no better example of this than an 1898 convention at Madison Square Garden where Tesla presented his latest creation, a smal... Ever the visionary, Tesla immediately saw the possible use of the teleautomaton boat as a weapon. He planned to develop a submersible version of the boat and sell the patent to the government. However, nobody else seemed to share Tesla’s vision. Accor... At his zenith Tesla was an intimate of poets and scientists, industrialists and financiers. Yet he died destitute, having lost both his fortune and scientific reputation. Text 5: Henry Ford Text 6: Steve Wozniak Apple Computers & Steve Jobs. Steve Wozniak sold his HP scientific calculator. Steve Jobs sold his Volkswagen van. The pair raised $1,300, to create their first prototype computer, the Apple I, which they debuted at a meeting of the Palo Alto-based Ho... Leaving Apple. On February 7, 1981, Steve Wozniak crashed his single engine aircraft, in Scotts Valley, California. The crash caused Wozniak to temporarily lose his memory, however, on a deeper level it certainly changed his life. After the accident, ... Text 8: How did Nikola Tesla change the way we use energy? Text 9: Electric Potential Magnetic core. The material of a magnetic core (often made of iron or steel) is composed of small regions called magnetic domains that act like tiny magnets. Before the current in the electromagnet is turned on, the domains in the iron core point in r... Text 11: Electric Current and Theory of Electricity Definition of Electric Current. While a potential difference is applied across a conductor, electrical charge flows through it and electrical current is the measure of the quantity of the electrical charge flowing through the conductor per unit time. Theory of Electricity. There is an equal number of electrons and protons in an atom. Hence, atom is in general electrically neutral. As the protons in the central nucleus are positive in charge and electrons orbiting the nucleus, are negative in charg... Measurement of Current. The most common method of measuring current is to connect an ammeter in series with the circuit that’s current to be measured. This is so because the entire current flowing through the circuit must also flow through the ammeter... Conventional Flow of Current Vs Electrons Flow. In the early days, it was thought that the current is flow of positive charge and hence current always comes out from the positive terminal of the battery, passing through the external circuit and enters... Types of Current. There are only two types of electrical current, direct current and alternating current. We abbreviate them as DC and AC respectively. Concept of DC was developed before AC. But AC becomes most popular means of generating, transmittin... Alternating Current. The current whose flow is not unidirectional moreover it alternates at a frequency, is called alternating current. In other words, the direction of the current continuously changes from forward to backward and then backward to for... Conventional Direction of Alternating Current. As direct current, alternating current is denoted with arrow. An AC has both forward and backward direction of flow. The arrow head always indicates the forward direction of the current. In different poin... Addition of voltages. The voltage between A and C is the sum of the voltage between A and B and the voltage between B and C. The various voltages in a circuit can be computed using Kirchhoff's circuit laws. Typical voltages. A common voltage for flashlight batteries is 1.5 volts (DC). A common voltage for automobile batteries is 12 volts (DC). Ohm's law. The current-voltage characteristics of four devices: Two resistors, a diode, and a battery. The horizontal axis is voltage drop, the vertical axis is current. Ohm's law is satisfied when the graph is a straight line through the origin. Ther... What determines resistivity? The resistivity of different materials varies by an enormous amount: For example, the conductivity of teflon is about 1030 times lower than the conductivity of copper. Why is there such a difference? Loosely speaking, a me... Energy dissipation and Joule heating. Resistors (and other elements with resistance) oppose the flow of electric current; therefore, electrical energy is required to push current through the resistance. This electrical energy is dissipated, heating th... Strain dependence. Just as the resistance of a conductor depends upon temperature, the resistance of a conductor depends upon strain. By placing a conductor under tension (a form of stress that leads to strain in the form of stretching of the conducto... Light illumination dependence. Some resistors, particularly those made from semiconductors, exhibit photoconductivity, meaning that their resistance changes when light is shining on them. Therefore they are called photoresistors (or light dependent re... Superconductivity. Superconductors are materials that have exactly zero resistance and infinite conductance, because they can have V=0 and I≠0. This also means there is no joule heating, or in other words no dissipation of electrical energy. Therefore... Standard Electrical Units Multiples and Sub-multiples The Solar Resource. The amount of energy from the sun that falls on Earth's surface is enormous. All the energy stored in Earth's reserves of coal, oil, and natural gas is matched by the energy from just 20 days of sunshine. Outside Earth's atmosphere... Passive Solar Design for Buildings. One simple, obvious use of the sun is to light and heat our buildings. Residential and commercial buildings account for more than one-third of U.S. energy use. If properly designed, buildings can capture the sun's h... Solar Heat Collectors. Besides using design features to maximize their use of the sun, some buildings have sys