Orthotics and prosthetics in rehabilitation Chui Milagros "Millee" Jorge, Sheng-Che Yen, Michelle M. Lusardi

Gain a strong foundation in the field of orthotics and prosthetics! Orthotics and Prosthetics in Rehabilitation, 4th Edition is a clear, comprehensive, one-stop resource for clinically relevant rehabilitation information and application. Divided into three sections, this text gives you a foundation in orthotics and prosthetics, clinical applications when working with typical and special populations, and an overview of amputation and prosthetic limbs. This edition has been updated with coverage of the latest technology and materials in the field, new evidence on effectiveness and efficacy of interventions and cognitive workload associated usage along with enhanced color photographs and case studies - it’s a great resource for students and rehabilitation professionals alike. Key Features Comprehensive coverage addresses rehabilitation in a variety of environments, including acute care, long-term care and home health care, and outpatient settings. Book organized into three parts corresponding with typical patient problems and clinical decision-making. The latest evidence-based research throughout text help you learn clinical-decision making skills. Case studies present real-life scenarios that demonstrate how key concepts apply to clinical decision-making and evidence-based practice. World Health Organization disablement model (ICF) incorporated to help you learn how to match patient’s limitations with the best clinical treatment. Multidisciplinary approach in a variety of settings demonstrates how physical therapists can work with the rest of the healthcare team to provide high quality care in orthotic/prosthetic rehabilitation. The latest equipment and technology throughout text addresses the latest options in prosthetics and orthotics rehabilitation Authoritative information from the Guide to Physical Therapist Practice, 2nd Edition is incorporated throughout. A wealth of tables and boxes highlight vital information for quick reference and ease of use. Cover......Page 1 ORTHOTICS AND PROSTHETICS IN REHABILITATION ......Page 3 Copyright......Page 4 Contributors......Page 5 Preface......Page 8 Acknowledgments......Page 10 Section I: Building Baseline Knowledge ......Page 11 Orthotists and Prosthetists......Page 12 History......Page 13 Prosthetic and Orthotic Professional Roles and Responsibilities......Page 14 Disablement Frameworks......Page 15 Characteristics of Rehabilitation Health Care Teams......Page 16 Rehabilitation teams......Page 18 References......Page 21 Oxygen Transport System......Page 23 The Aging Heart......Page 24 Arterial Vascular Tree......Page 25 Preload......Page 26 Pulmonary Function in Later Life......Page 27 Changes in the musculoskeletal system......Page 28 Precautions......Page 29 Estimating Workload: Heart Rate and Rate Pressure Product......Page 30 Optimizing cardiopulmonary performance......Page 31 Perceived Exertion......Page 32 Physical performance training......Page 33 Self-selected walking speed......Page 34 Oxygen Rate and Oxygen Cost......Page 35 Energy expenditure at self-selected walking speeds......Page 36 Work of walking with an orthosis......Page 37 Work of walking with a prosthesis......Page 38 Technologic Advances Impacting Energy Demands......Page 39 References......Page 40 Why Think About Motor Control, Motor Learning, or Neuroplastcity?......Page 47 Dynamic systems perspectives......Page 48 Nature of the Task......Page 50 Characteristics of the Environment......Page 53 Theories of Motor Learning......Page 54 Evolution of models of motor learning......Page 55 Temporal considerations......Page 56 Implicit and explicit aspects of motor learning......Page 57 Appropriate level of challenge......Page 58 Practice conditions: blocked, random, or serial?......Page 59 Part- versus whole-task training......Page 60 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Feedback......Page 61 What Modality for Feedback Is Appropriate?......Page 62 Role of Sleep in Motor Learning......Page 63 Neural plasticity in motor control and motor learning......Page 64 Repetition, Repetition, Repetition......Page 66 Transference......Page 67 Aerobic exercise, neuroplasticity, and neuroprotection......Page 68 Motor Learning Issues......Page 69 Summary......Page 70 References......Page 72 What Is Evidence-Based Practice?......Page 80 Step 1: Formulating an Answerable Clinical Question......Page 81 Intervention......Page 82 Defining the outcome......Page 83 Step 2: Locating and Accessing the Best Evidence......Page 84 Sources of evidence......Page 85 Secondary Sources: Integrative and Systematic Review Articles......Page 87 Locating Citations......Page 88 Executing Search Strategies......Page 89 Natural History or Prognosis......Page 90 Sample: Adequacy and Appropriateness......Page 91 Outcome Measures......Page 93 Integrating Clinical Expertise and Skill......Page 95 Staying current with the literature......Page 96 Summary......Page 97 Appendix 4.1......Page 98 Appendix 4.2......Page 102 Appendix 4.3......Page 105 References......Page 109 Kinetic and Kinematic Descriptors of Human Walking......Page 111 Initial Contact......Page 112 Loading Response......Page 113 Midstance......Page 114 Terminal Swing......Page 115 Gait deviations associated with abnormal muscle tone......Page 117 Instrumented Gait Analysis......Page 118 Assessing the energy cost of walking......Page 119 Kinematic and kinetic systems......Page 120 Electromyography......Page 122 Choosing the Appropriate Assessment Tool......Page 125 Functional measures......Page 126 Dynamic Gait Index......Page 127 Clinical characteristics of gait in hemiplegia......Page 128 Clinical characteristics of gait in spastic diplegic cerebral palsy......Page 130 Gait Patterns in Individuals With Amputation......Page 133 Studies of Transtibial Prosthetic Gait......Page 134 Transtibial Alignment......Page 135 Midstance......Page 137 Swing Phase......Page 138 Common gait deviations in transtibial prosthetic gait......Page 139 Initial Contact and Loading Response......Page 141 Midstance......Page 142 Terminal Stance......Page 143 Swing Phase......Page 144 Common gait deviations in transfemoral prosthetic gait......Page 145 Summary......Page 147 References......Page 149 Orthotics and Prosthetics in the 20th Century......Page 153 Materials......Page 154 Steel......Page 155 Thermoplastics......Page 156 Composites......Page 157 Foamed Plastics......Page 158 Orthotic prescription......Page 159 Measurement......Page 162 Negative mold......Page 164 Fabricating and modifying the positive model......Page 165 Data acquisition......Page 166 Milling and production......Page 167 Mass production......Page 168 Exoskeletal Robotics......Page 169 Maintenance of Orthoses and Prostheses......Page 170 References......Page 171 Upper......Page 173 Enhancing function......Page 174 Determining measurements......Page 175 Obesity and Edema......Page 176 Flexible and Rigid Flatfoot......Page 177 Foot in later life......Page 178 Walking shoes......Page 179 Custom-molded shoes......Page 180 Sole Wedging......Page 181 Thomas Heels......Page 182 Shoe Stretching......Page 183 Metatarsalgia of the Fifth Metatarsophalangeal Joint......Page 184 Pes Equinus......Page 185 Arthritis......Page 186 Amputation and congenital deformity......Page 187 Reading the Wear on Shoes......Page 188 References......Page 189 Section II: Orthoses in Rehabilitation ......Page 192 Midfoot......Page 193 Plantar fascia and arches of the foot......Page 194 Propulsion......Page 195 Subtalar Neutral Position......Page 196 Calcaneal Range of Motion......Page 197 Talocrural Joint Range of Motion......Page 198 Rearfoot Deformities......Page 199 Examination of the forefoot......Page 200 Identifying Forefoot Deformities......Page 201 The First Ray......Page 202 Additional observations......Page 203 Calcaneal Alignment to the Floor......Page 204 Navicular Drop......Page 205 Functional Foot Orthoses......Page 206 Goals of Orthotic Intervention......Page 208 Direct Pressure Impression Technique......Page 209 Errors in Negative Casting......Page 210 Forefoot Posting......Page 211 Covering Materials......Page 212 Orthotic Checkout and Troubleshooting......Page 213 Criteria for normal alignment......Page 214 Foot strike pattern during running and lower extremity injuries......Page 215 Effect on lower limb biomechanics......Page 216 Effect of the neuromuscular system......Page 217 Balance and Postural Control......Page 218 Pain associated with foot deformity......Page 219 Plantar fasciitis......Page 220 Summary......Page 221 References......Page 224 9 Principles of Lower Extremity Orthoses......Page 228 What Type of Orthosis is Best?......Page 229 Determinants of Functional Gait......Page 230 Prefabricated, Custom Fit, or Custom Molded?......Page 231 Appropriate Footwear......Page 232 Ankle-Foot Orthoses......Page 233 Solid ankle-foot orthoses......Page 234 Progression Through Stance Phase......Page 235 Indications for Solid Ankle-foot Orthoses......Page 236 Weight-relieving ankle-foot orthoses......Page 237 University of california biomechanics laboratory orthosis......Page 238 Posterior leaf spring ankle-foot orthosis......Page 239 Functional Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation......Page 240 Commercially Available Dorsiflexion-Assist Designs......Page 241 Hinged thermoplastic ankle-foot orthosis......Page 242 Conventional dorsiflexion-assist ankle-foot orthosis......Page 243 Challenges to knee-ankel-foot orthosis use......Page 245 Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthosis Design Options......Page 246 Conventional knee-ankel-foot orthoses......Page 247 Carbon composite knee-ankel-foot orthoses......Page 248 Controlling the ankle......Page 249 Single-Axis Locking Knee......Page 250 Stance-Control Orthotic Knee Joints......Page 251 Medially linked bilateral knee-ankle-foot orthosis designs......Page 253 Hip-Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthosis Design Options......Page 254 Reciprocal gait orthoses......Page 255 Hybrid orthoses: functional electrical stimulation......Page 256 Outcome Measures in Orthotic Rehabilitation......Page 257 Case Examples......Page 258 References......Page 262 Movement Impairment in Neurological and Neuromuscular Pathology......Page 267 Extrapyramidal System......Page 268 Somatosensory and Perceptual Systems......Page 269 Consciousness and Homeostasis......Page 270 Peripheral nervous system......Page 271 Muscle tone and muscle performance......Page 272 Hypertonus......Page 273 Hypotonus......Page 275 Fluctuating Tone: Athetosis and Chorea......Page 276 Movement and coordination......Page 277 Management of Neuromuscular Impairments......Page 283 Medical and surgical care......Page 284 Rehabilitation......Page 287 Selecting the appropriate orthosis......Page 290 Summary......Page 292 References......Page 296 Anatomy of the Knee......Page 302 Medial Collateral Ligament......Page 303 Posterior Cruciate Ligament......Page 304 Patellofemoral joint......Page 305 Biomechanics of Knee Motion......Page 306 Prophylactic Knee Orthoses......Page 307 Biomechanical implications......Page 308 Orthoses for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Insufficiency......Page 309 Functional Implications......Page 310 Role in Rehabilitation......Page 311 Orthoses for Osteoarthritis......Page 312 Biomechanical implications......Page 313 Evidence of effectiveness......Page 314 Patellofemoral osteoarthritis......Page 315 Patellofemoral pain syndrome......Page 316 Summary......Page 317 References......Page 319 Bone Structure and Function......Page 322 Bone Growth and Remodeling Over the Life Span......Page 326 Hip structure and function......Page 327 Incidence and etiology of developmental dysplasia of the hip......Page 328 Early orthotic management of developmental dysplasia of the hip: birth to 6 months......Page 329 Management of developmental dysplasia of the hip: Age 6 Months and Older......Page 331 Evaluation and Intervention for Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease......Page 332 Orthotic Management in Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease......Page 333 Pediatric postoperative care......Page 334 Postoperative Hip Orthoses......Page 335 Total Hip Arthroplasty......Page 336 Posttrauma Care......Page 337 Mechanisms of fracture healing......Page 338 Fracture classifications......Page 339 Casts and splints......Page 342 Casting and Splinting Materials......Page 344 Lower Extremity Casts......Page 345 Hybrid cast braces......Page 347 Types of Fracture Orthoses......Page 348 Postfracture management and potential complications......Page 350 References......Page 352 Anatomy and Biomechanics......Page 357 The Three-Column Concept......Page 358 Fit and Function of the Spinal Orthosis......Page 359 Cervical......Page 360 Cervicothoracic and thoracic orthoses......Page 363 Thoracolumbar......Page 364 Lumbosacral......Page 366 Prevalence and natural history......Page 367 Evaluation......Page 368 Milwaukee Brace......Page 370 SpineCor......Page 372 Future directions......Page 373 References......Page 374 Nomenclature......Page 378 Examples......Page 379 Serial Static Orthoses......Page 380 Static Progressive Orthoses......Page 381 Arches of the hand......Page 382 Positioning the hand......Page 383 Tissue precautions......Page 384 Tissue Healing......Page 385 Levers......Page 386 Angle of force application......Page 387 Thermoplastic materials......Page 388 Conformability and Resistance to Stretch......Page 389 Perforations......Page 390 Strapping......Page 391 Overview of the Orthotic Fabrication Process......Page 392 References......Page 395 Burn Depth......Page 397 Location of the Burn......Page 398 Topical Agents and Wound Dressing......Page 399 Wound Healing and Scar Formation......Page 400 Nonoperative Scar Management......Page 401 Gait Training......Page 402 Splinting and Orthotics......Page 403 Neck......Page 404 Elbow and Forearm......Page 405 Lower Extremity......Page 406 Additional Considerations......Page 407 Skin Condition......Page 408 Stabilization of Body Weight......Page 409 References......Page 410 Principle 2: Strive for optimal postural alignment......Page 414 The Seating System......Page 415 Seating components......Page 421 The Frame......Page 425 Manual wheelchairs......Page 427 Power wheelchairs......Page 431 Prior experience with assistive technology......Page 432 Tests and measures used in seating and mobility assessments......Page 433 Neuromuscular......Page 434 Ordering the Wheelchair......Page 435 Follow-Up......Page 436 References......Page 437 Section III: Prostheses in Rehabilitation ......Page 439 Levels of Amputation......Page 441 Diabetes and peripheral artery disease......Page 442 Outcomes of Dysvascular Conditions and Amputation......Page 444 Traumatic amputation......Page 445 Cancer......Page 446 Congenital limb deficiencies......Page 447 Rehabilitation Issues for the Person With an Amputation......Page 448 References......Page 450 18 High-Risk Foot and Wound Healing......Page 453 Vascular assessment......Page 454 Motor assessment......Page 457 Autonomic assessment......Page 459 Location......Page 460 Wound color......Page 461 Drainage......Page 463 Wound Management......Page 464 Preparing the wound bed by eliminating the source of inflammation or infection......Page 465 Providing an optimal wound-healing environment......Page 467 Reducing further trauma to the wound......Page 468 Removable Cast Walkers......Page 469 Wound-Healing Shoes......Page 470 Prevention of ulceration or reulceration......Page 471 References......Page 474 Prevalence and Risk Factors......Page 478 Vascular Examination......Page 479 Indications for Amputation Versus Revascularization......Page 480 Limb Salvage Versus Reconstruction......Page 482 Evaluation of the Patient......Page 483 Limb-Sparing Surgery Versus Amputation......Page 484 Limb deficiency disorders......Page 485 Nerve......Page 486 Dressings......Page 487 Heterotopic ossification......Page 488 Pain......Page 489 Amputations of the Foot and Ankle......Page 490 Transmetatarsal Amputation......Page 491 Syme amputation......Page 493 Transtibial Amputation......Page 494 Modified ertl procedure......Page 495 Knee Disarticulation......Page 496 Transfemoral Amputation......Page 498 Hip Disarticulation and Hemipelvectomy......Page 499 Implant Fixation......Page 501 Outcomes......Page 502 Neuroma Prevention and Treatment......Page 503 References......Page 504 Patient-centered care and multidisciplinary teams......Page 511 Examination......Page 512 Patient-client history and interview......Page 514 Medical, Surgical, and Family History......Page 515 Test and measures......Page 516 Assessing Acute Postoperative Pain......Page 518 Assessing Residual Limb Length and Volume......Page 519 Assessing Integumentary Integrity and Wound Healing......Page 520 Assessing Range of Motion and Muscle Length......Page 522 Assessing Muscle Performance and Motor Control......Page 523 Assessing Upper Extremity Function......Page 524 Assessing Attention and Cognition......Page 525 Assessing Sensory Integrity......Page 527 Assessing Mobility, Locomotion, and Balance......Page 532 Assessing Self-Care and Environmental Barriers......Page 534 Monitoring for Postoperative Complications......Page 535 Physical therapy diagnosis......Page 536 Plan of care: prognosis......Page 537 Plan of care: determining appropriate goals......Page 539 Postoperative pain management......Page 540 Physical Therapy for Postoperative and Phantom Pain......Page 541 Soft Dressings and Compression......Page 542 Pressure Garments: ``Shrinkers ́ ́......Page 544 Nonremovable Rigid Dressings......Page 546 Removable Rigid Dressings......Page 547 Zinc Oxide-Impregnated Semirigid Dressing......Page 548 Rigid Dressing as a Base for Immediate Postoperative Prostheses......Page 549 Skin care and scar management......Page 550 Range of motion and flexibility......Page 551 Muscle performance......Page 552 Endurance......Page 553 Wheelchairs, seating, and adaptive equipment......Page 554 Bed mobility and transfers......Page 555 Patient and family education: care of the remaining limb......Page 556 Preprosthetic Outcome Assessment......Page 559 Summary......Page 563 References......Page 564 Functional level......Page 573 Body weight......Page 574 Shoe choices (Heel heights and shoe shape)......Page 575 Functional level 1 feet......Page 576 functional level 3 feet......Page 577 Summary......Page 580 References......Page 582 Partial Foot Amputations......Page 584 Gait characteristics after partial foot amputation......Page 586 Toe Fillers and Modified Shoes......Page 589 Partial Foot Inserts and Toe Fillers......Page 593 Prosthetic Boots......Page 594 Chopart Prostheses......Page 595 Prosthetic management......Page 597 Expandable Wall Prostheses......Page 598 Tucker-Winnipeg Syme Prostheses......Page 599 Dynamic Response Syme Feet......Page 603 Alignment Issues......Page 604 Summary......Page 607 References......Page 609 Evaluation for a Prosthesis......Page 612 Early Management of a Prosthesis......Page 613 Socket Designs......Page 614 Total surface-bearing socket......Page 615 Interface Materials......Page 616 Soft inserts......Page 617 Gel liner......Page 618 Waist belt......Page 619 Cuff strap......Page 620 Supracondylar suspension......Page 621 Sleeve......Page 622 Locking liners......Page 623 Elevated vacuum......Page 624 Optical scanning......Page 625 Alignment......Page 626 Dynamic alignment......Page 627 Additional Features......Page 628 Shock absorber......Page 629 Dynamic pylon......Page 630 Diagnostic sockets......Page 631 Endoskeletal considerations......Page 634 Sagittal......Page 635 Sagittal......Page 636 Sagittal......Page 637 Troubleshooting......Page 638 Summary......Page 640 References......Page 641 Shank......Page 642 Polycentric Knee Units......Page 643 Extension Aid......Page 644 Materials......Page 645 Ischial containment......Page 646 Liners......Page 647 Silesian belt......Page 648 Sagittal alignment......Page 649 Frontal alignment......Page 651 Evaluation of the prosthesis......Page 652 Rear view......Page 653 Patient innovation......Page 654 Abducted Gait......Page 655 Lateral and Medial Whips......Page 656 Summary......Page 657 References......Page 659 Etiology......Page 661 Biomechanics......Page 662 Energy consumption......Page 665 Rehabilitation outcomes after high-level amputation......Page 666 Energy cost......Page 668 Transfemoral and Transtibial Amputation......Page 669 Summary......Page 670 References......Page 671 Components of the Physical Therapy Examination......Page 673 Patients history......Page 674 Tests and measures......Page 675 The Evaluation Process......Page 676 Range of motion......Page 677 Strength......Page 678 Balance and postural control......Page 680 Cardiovascular endurance......Page 681 Edema control of the residual limb......Page 682 Hypersensitivity......Page 683 Care of the sound limb......Page 684 Candidacy for a prosthesis and prescription......Page 685 Donning and doffing the prosthesis......Page 687 Prosthetic Fit: Socket Design and Sock Use......Page 688 Wearing schedule for the prosthesis......Page 689 Positioning......Page 690 Prevention and management of skin problems in the residual limb......Page 691 Initial training......Page 692 Assistive devices......Page 697 Prosthetic gait......Page 698 Gait training on alternate surfaces......Page 703 Functional activities......Page 704 Outcome assessment......Page 705 References......Page 706 Overview of Non-Microprocessor Knee Prostheses......Page 711 Introduction to Microprocessor Knee Prostheses......Page 712 Microprocessor Knee Prostheses Control Mechanisms......Page 715 Stance phase......Page 716 Stairs and Ramps......Page 723 Outcomes......Page 725 Prescriptive Cases......Page 726 References......Page 728 Barriers and Motivation......Page 731 US and International Paralympic Committees27,28......Page 732 Archery30......Page 733 Equestrian30......Page 734 Sailing30......Page 735 Wheelchair Basketball30......Page 736 Nordic Skiing30......Page 737 Fishing32......Page 738 Additional Water Sports and Activities......Page 739 Prosthetic Knee Joints......Page 741 Prosthetics in Sports: What Is Best?......Page 742 References......Page 743 Classification and causes of limb deficiencies......Page 745 Accommodating growth......Page 746 Postoperative care......Page 747 Infants......Page 748 Toddlers......Page 749 Older Children and Adolescents......Page 750 Infants......Page 751 Toddlers......Page 753 Older Children and Adolescents......Page 755 Infants......Page 757 School-age Children and Adolescents......Page 761 Rehabilitation of children with multiple limb amputation......Page 762 References......Page 764 Length of the Residual Limb......Page 766 Etiology of Upper Extremity Amputation......Page 767 Preprosthetic Care......Page 768 Prosthetic prescription......Page 769 Prosthetic Socket......Page 771 Passive Functional Prostheses and Restorations......Page 772 Transradial and Transhumeral Considerations......Page 773 Terminal devices for body-powered prostheses......Page 775 Elbows for body-powered prostheses......Page 777 Figure-of-eight harness for suspension and control......Page 778 Control and suspension for bilateral prostheses......Page 779 Electric terminal devices......Page 780 Electric wrists......Page 782 Externally Powered Control......Page 783 Myoelectric control systems......Page 784 Pattern Recognition Control......Page 785 Alternative control systems......Page 786 Summary......Page 787 References......Page 788 Classification and Functional Implications......Page 791 Comprehensive Evaluation......Page 792 Range of Motion, Flexibility, and Body Symmetry......Page 793 Psychological Support......Page 794 Edema Control and Limb Shaping......Page 795 Myosite Testing and Training......Page 796 Basic Training in Activities of Daily Living......Page 797 Wearing Schedule......Page 798 Controls Training and Functional Use Training......Page 799 Control and Functional Use of Body-Powered Prostheses......Page 800 Advanced Functional Skills Training......Page 801 References......Page 803 A......Page 805 B......Page 806 C......Page 807 E......Page 808 F......Page 809 G......Page 810 H......Page 811 L......Page 812 M......Page 813 P......Page 815 S......Page 818 T......Page 820 V......Page 822 Z......Page 823

Gain a strong foundation in the field of orthotics and prosthetics! Orthotics and Prosthetics in Rehabilitation, 4th Edition is a clear, comprehensive, one-stop resource for clinically relevant rehabilitation information and application. Divided into three sections, this text gives you a foundation in orthotics and prosthetics, clinical applications when working with typical and special populations, and an overview of amputation and prosthetic limbs. This edition has been updated with coverage of the latest technology and materials in the field, new evidence on effectiveness and efficacy of interventions and cognitive workload associated usage along with enhanced color photographs and case studies - it’s a great resource for students and rehabilitation professionals alike.

• Comprehensive coverage addresses rehabilitation in a variety of environments, including acute care, long-term care and home health care, and outpatient settings.
• Book organized into three parts corresponding with typical patient problems and clinical decision-making.
• The latest evidence-based research throughout text help you learn clinical-decision making skills.
• Case studies present real-life scenarios that demonstrate how key concepts apply to clinical decision-making and evidence-based practice.
• World Health Organization disablement model (ICF) incorporated to help you learn how to match patient’s limitations with the best clinical treatment.
• Multidisciplinary approach in a variety of settings demonstrates how physical therapists can work with the rest of the healthcare team to provide high quality care in orthotic/prosthetic rehabilitation.
• The latest equipment and technology throughout text addresses the latest options in prosthetics and orthotics rehabilitation
• Authoritative information from the Guide to Physical Therapist Practice, 2nd Edition is incorporated throughout.
• A wealth of tables and boxes highlight vital information for quick reference and ease of use.

• NEW! Color photographs improve visual appeal and facilitates learning.
• NEW! Increased evidence-based content includes updated citations; coverage of new technology such as microprocessors, microcontrollers, and integrated load cells; new evidence on the effectiveness and efficacy of interventions; and new evidence on cognitive workload usage.
• NEW! Authors Kevin K Chui, PT, DPT, PhD, GCS, OCS, CEEAA, FAAOMPT and Sheng-Che (Steven) Yen, PT, PhD add their expertise to an already impressive list of contributors.