سلول‌های خورشیدی آلی

The solar energy industry is greatly subsidized for several years but the costs of inorganic/silicon solar cell power plants or panels are still not economical. A method for reducing the manufacturing costs of solar cells is to utilize organic materials that could be processed under low-demanding situations. Organic solar cells have numerous intrinsic advantages, like their flexibility, low material, lightweight, low manufacturing costs, low toxicity, and minimal environmental impact. In the past few years, organic photovoltaics (OPV) has received immense attention owing to their exceptional features, such as low-temperature synthesis, light, and cheap materials, solution processability, and tunable electronic properties. Apart from environmental and economic benefits, most of the organic solar cells (SCs) exhibit higher efficiencies which are comparable with the efficiencies of silicon solar cells. They have exhibited conversion efficiencies of more than 13% to date. This book encompasses the fundamentals of organic solar photovoltaics. The detailed content of the book addresses the photovoltaic energy conversion limits and provides a well-explained overview of molecular electronics, which focuses on the working principle, manufacturing, and characterization of polymeric solar cells. Different chapters of the book focus on the electrochemical processes taking place in organic solar cells by offering a detailed explanation of the exciton separation, charge-carrier transport, and electricity generation. The book also focuses on the experimental methodologies for getting a thorough understanding of the key photovoltaic processes in different types of polymeric solar cells. The primary focus of this book is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental features of organic solar cells. Cover 1 Title Page 5 Copyright 6 ABOUT THE EDITOR 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS 9 List of Figures 13 List of Tables 19 List of Abbreviations 21 Preface 25 Chapter 1 Introduction to Organic Solar Cells 27 1.1. Introduction 28 1.2. Characteristics of Organic Solar Cells (SCS) 37 1.3. The Current Situation 40 1.4. Operational Principles of OSCS 41 1.5. Solar Cell Architectures 47 1.6. Characterization of Organic Solar Cells (SCS) 51 References 54 Chapter 2 Polymeric Materials for Solar Cells 63 2.1. Introduction 64 2.2. Description of Novel Organic Materials 68 2.3. Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Nanocomposites 72 2.4. Fullerene-Containing Polymers for Organic Solar Cells (SCS) 74 2.5. Soluble Functionalized Polyanilines 77 2.6. Charge Transport in Thin Polymer Films 79 2.7. Organic Solar Cells (SCS) Based on Thin Polymer Films 84 2.8. Polymerizable Methanofullerene as a Buffer Layer Material for Organic Solar Cells (SCS) 86 References 92 Chapter 3 Donor Materials for Organic Solar Cells 103 3.1. Introduction 104 3.2. Performance Parameters of SCS (Solar Cells) 105 3.3. Smdms-Centered Photovoltaics (PVS) 107 3.4. Oligothiophene-Centered Smdms 107 3.5. Oligothiophene-Bdt (Benzodithiophene) Hybrids As SMDMS 111 3.6. IDT (Indacenodithiophene)-Centered Smdms 121 References 124 Chapter 4 Acceptors Materials for Organic Solar Cells 131 4.1. Introduction 132 4.2. Rylene Diimide-Centered Polymer Acceptors 135 4.3. Fluorene and Bt-Centered Polymer Acceptors 146 4.4. CN-Replaced Polymer Acceptors 147 4.5. Other Polymer Acceptors Comprising Electron-Removing Units 151 4.6. Summary 153 References 155 Chapter 5 Fabrication Techniques for Organic Solar Cells 165 5.1. Introduction 166 5.2. The Merger Challenge 168 5.3. Typical Structure of a Device 170 5.4. The Sea of Film-Forming Methods 170 5.5. Coating and Printing Methods 172 5.6. Patterning and Juxtaposition of the Multilayer Films 184 5.7. Roll-To-Roll (R2R) Methods 187 5.8. Other Techniques 188 References 189 Chapter 6 Characterization of Organic Solar Cells 199 6.1. Introduction 200 6.2. Dark Current-Voltage Characteristics 201 6.3. Open-Circuit Voltage Versus Light Intensity 204 6.4. Charge Extraction By Linearly Increasing Voltage (CELIV) 206 6.5. Transient Photovoltage (TPV) and Open-Circuit Voltage Decay (OCVD) 207 6.6. Impedance Spectroscopy 209 References 213 Chapter 7 Applications of Polymer and Graphene Nanocomposites in Solar Photovoltaics 219 7.1. Introduction 220 7.2. Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposites as Transparent Conductive Electrodes (TCES) 220 7.3. Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposites as Active Layers (ALS) 226 7.4. Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposites as Interfacial Layers (IFLS) 229 References 232 Chapter 8 Organic Tandem Solar Cells 237 8.1. Introduction 238 8.2. Polymer Tandem Solar Cell Structure and Operation Mechanism 239 8.3. Development and Current Status of Polymer Tandem Solar Cells (SCS) 241 8.4. Polymer Materials for Tandem Solar Cells (SCS) 243 8.5. Tandem Device Engineering and Measurement 243 References 249 Index 253 Back Cover 258