اپتو الکترونیک برای درگیری‌های کم‌فشار و امنیت داخلی

This authoritative new resource provides an overview of the deployment of various devices in systems in actual field conditions and efficacy established in warfare. The book covers laser and optronic technologies that have evolved over the years to build practical devices and systems for use in Homeland Security and low-intensity conflict scenarios. Readers will be able to assess combat and battle-worthiness of various available devices and systems. This book covers state-of-the-art and emerging trends in various optoelectronics technologies having applications in Homeland Security. It provides information on operational aspects, deployment scenarios, and actual usage of laser and optoelectronics based technologies for low intensity conflicts, offering insight into the utility of each technology/device for a given operational requirement. This book evaluates the merits of various laser and optoelectronic sensor based technologies intended for low intensity conflict operations, including counter-insurgency and anti-terrorist operations. It is a useful reference for those specializing in defense electronics and optronics and professionals in the defence industry involved in operation and maintenance of laser based security equipment. Packed with tables, photographs, and a comprehensive list of references in every chapter, this is the only book that covers all topics related to Laser and Optoelectronics devices intended for low intensity conflict operations in a single volume. Optoelectronics for Low-Intensity Conflicts and Homeland Security Contents Preface 1 Optoelectronics for Homeland Security: An Overview 1.1 Low-Intensity Conflicts 1.2 Technology for Homeland Security 1.3 Less-Lethal Laser Weapons 1.3.1 Laser Dazzler 1.3.2 Applications of Laser Dazzlers 1.3.3 Choice of Parameters 1.3.4 Representative Laser Dazzler Devices 1.4 Directed Energy Lasers 1.4.1 Laser Countermeasures 1.4.2 Lasers for Ordnance Disposal 1.5 Protection of Critical Infrastructure 1.6 Sighting, Observation, and Surveillance Devices 1.7 Night Vision Technologies 1.7.1 Basic Approaches to Night Vision 1.7.2 Different Generations of Night Vision Technologies 1.8 Detection and Identification of Explosives 1.9 Detection and Identification of CBRN Agents 1.9.1 Detection and Identification of Chemical Agents 1.9.2 Detection and Identification of Biological Agents 1.9.3 Radiation Detectors 1.10 Detection of Concealed Weapons Selected Bibliography 2 Lasers and Optoelectronics Fundamentals 2.1 Laser Basics 2.1.1 Operational Principle 2.2 Laser Characteristics 2.2.1 Monochromaticity 2.2.2 Coherence 2.2.3 Directionality 2.3 Characteristic Parameters 2.3.1 Wavelength 2.3.2 Power 2.3.3 Pulse Energy 2.3.4 Repetition Rate 2.3.5 Pulse Width 2.3.6 Rise and Fall Times 2.3.7 Irradiance 2.3.8 Radiance 2.3.9 Beam Divergence 2.3.10 Spot Size 2.3.11 M2 Value 2.3.12 Wall-Plug Efficiency 2.4 Solid-State Lasers 2.4.1 Operational Basics 2.4.2 Types of Solid-State Lasers 2.5 Fiber Lasers 2.5.1 Basic Fiber Lasers 2.5.2 Applications 2.6 Gas Lasers 2.6.1 Operational Basics 2.6.2 Types and Applications 2.7 Semiconductor Diode Lasers 2.7.1 Operational Basics 2.7.2 Types 2.7.3 Applications 2.8 Photosensors 2.8.1 Types of Photosensors 2.8.2 Characteristic Parameters 2.8.3 Photoconductors 2.8.4 Photodiodes 2.8.5 Image Sensors 2.8.6 Photoemissive Sensors 2.8.7 Thermal Sensors Selected Bibliography 3 Less-Lethal Laser Weapons 3.1 Less-Lethal Laser Weapons 3.1.1 Review of Less-Lethal Technologies 3.1.2 Advantages of Laser Dazzlers as Less-Lethal Weapons 3.1.3 Potential Applications 3.2 Deployment Scenarios 3.2.1 Industrial Security and Protection of Critical Infrastructure 3.2.2 Counterinsurgency and Antiterrorist Operations 3.2.3 Deployment at Checkpoints and Roadblocks 3.2.4 Ship Defense 3.2.5 Protection of Critical Ground Assets from Suspect Aerial Platforms 3.2.6 Protection of Aerial Platforms against MANPADS 3.3 Potential Laser Sources 3.3.1 Diode-Pumped Solid-State Lasers 3.3.2 Semiconductor Diode Lasers 3.3.3 Fiber Lasers 3.4 Operational Parameters 3.4.1 Operating Wavelength 3.4.2 Laser Power 3.4.3 Spot Size 3.4.4 NOHD 3.5 Laser Safety 3.5.1 Laser Damage 3.5.2 Laser Safety Classification 3.5.3 MPE 3.5.4 Protocol IV for Blinding Laser Weapons 3.6 Representative Systems 3.6.1 Handheld and Weapon Mounted Laser Dazzlers 3.6.2 Vehicle- and Platform-Mounted Laser Dazzlers 3.7 Emerging Trends Selected Bibliography 4 Directed-Energy Lasers 4.1 Directed-Energy Lasers 4.1.1 Advantages and Limitations 4.1.2 Potential Applications 4.2 Laser Countermeasures 4.2.1 Relevance 4.2.2 Passive and Active Countermeasures 4.2.3 Neutralization of Optoelectronic Sensors 4.2.4 Laser-Blinding Shells and Grenades 4.2.5 Representative Countermeasures Systems 4.3 Directed-Energy Lasers for Tactical Applications 4.3.1 Application Scenarios 4.3.2 Representative Systems 4.4 Directed-Energy Lasers as Antisatellite Countermeasures 4.4.1 Satellite Laser Ranging 4.4.2 Vulnerability of Optics and Sensors 4.5 Directed-Energy Lasers for Debris Removal 4.5.1 Space Debris Particles: Size and Effect 4.5.2 Representative Incidents of Debris Collision 4.5.3 Laser Orbit Debris Removal 4.6 Directed Energy Lasers for Ordnance disposal 4.6.1 Application Scenarios 4.6.2 Deflagration and Detonation 4.6.3 Representative Systems 4.7 High-Power Lasers for Neutralization of Hideouts Selected Bibliography 5 Sighting Observation and Surveillance Devices 5.1 Sighting Devices 5.1.1 Iron Sights 5.1.2 Telescopic Sight 5.1.3 Reflex Sight 5.1.4 Red Dot Sight 5.1.5 Holographic Sight 5.1.6 Panoramic Sight 5.1.7 Periscopic Sight 5.1.8 Thermal Sight 5.1.9 Laser Sight 5.2 Surveillance Cameras 5.2.1 Applications 5.2.2 Types of Surveillance Cameras 5.2.3 Choosing the Right Surveillance Camera 5.3 Laser Fencing 5.3.1 Laser Transmitter/Receiver Pairs 5.3.2 Laser Scanners 5.3.3 Fiber-Optic Intrusion Detection System 5.4 Laser Range Finders 5.4.1 Laser Range Finding Methodologies 5.4.2 Applications for Internal Security 5.4.3 Some Representative Laser Range Finder Systems 5.5 Detection of Electro-Optic Targets 5.5.1 Operational Principle 5.5.2 Representative Systems 5.6 Covert Laser Listening Devices 5.6.1 Operational Principle 5.6.2 Representative Systems 5.7 Detection of Concealed Weapons 5.7.1 Concealed Weapon Detection Technologies 5.7.2 X-Ray Scanners 5.7.3 Millimeter-Wave Imaging 5.7.4 Infrared Imaging 5.7.5 Terahertz Imaging Selected Bibliography 6 Night Vision Technologies 6.1 Basic Approaches to Night Vision 6.1.1 Image Intensification 6.1.2 Active Illumination 6.1.3 Thermal Imaging 6.1.4 Digital Night Vision 6.1.5 Image Intensification versus Thermal Imaging 6.2 Image Intensifier Devices 6.2.1 Image Intensifier Tube 6.2.2 Intensified CCD 6.3 Thermal Imaging 6.3.1 Operational Basics 6.3.2 Types of Thermal Imaging Sensors 6.4 Generations of Night Vision Devices 6.4.1 Image Intensifier Tube Technology 6.4.2 Thermal Imaging Technology 6.5 Categories of Night Vision Equipment 6.5.1 Night Vision Monoculars 6.5.2 Night Vision Binoculars 6.5.3 Night Vision Goggles 6.5.4 Night Vision Scopes 6.5.5 Night Vision Cameras 6.6 Applications of Night Vision Equipment 6.6.1 Image Enhancement Night Vision Devices 6.6.2 Thermal Imaging Night Vision Devices Selected Bibliography 7 Explosive Detection and Identification 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Threat Scenarios 7.1.2 Explosive Detectors: Desirable Features 7.2 Explosive Detection Technologies 7.2.1 Bulk Detection 7.2.2 Trace Detection 7.3 Standoff Detection of Explosives 7.3.1 Infrared Spectroscopy 7.3.2 Raman Spectroscopy 7.3.3 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 7.3.4 Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy 7.3.5 Laser Photo Acoustic Spectroscopy 7.4 Representative Explosive Detection Systems 7.4.1 Bulk Detection Systems 7.4.2 Trace Detection Systems 7.4.3 Stand-Off Detection Systems Selected Bibliography 8 Detection of CBRN Threats 8.1 CBRN Threats 8.1.1 Types of CBRN Threats 8.1.2 Chemical Warfare Agents 8.1.3 Biological Warfare Agents 8.1.4 Radiological and Nuclear Devices 8.1.5 Chemical versus Biological Warfare 8.1.6 History of Chemical and Biological Weapon Use 8.2 Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents 8.2.1 Detection Parameters 8.2.2 Review of Detection Technologies 8.2.3 Passive Infrared Detection 8.2.4 Differential Absorption Lidar 8.2.5 Representative Systems for Detection of Chemical Agents 8.3 Detection of Biological Warfare Agents 8.3.1 Detection Parameters 8.3.2 Review of Detection Technologies 8.3.3 UV-LIF Lidar 8.3.4 Representative Systems for Detection of Biological Agents 8.4 Radiation Detection Devices 8.4.1 Radiation Survey Meters 8.4.2 Dosimeters 8.4.3 Representative Radiation Detectors Selected Bibliography Glossary About the Author Index