Optimization of Plant Nutrition : Refereed Papers From the Eighth International Colloquium for the Optimization of Plant Nutrition, 31 August – 8 September 1992, Lisbon, Portugal

The world-wide shortage of plant production menacing the survival of many people demands for more and better research, particularly on how to increase food and where it is most needed. Major problems of international concern for the scientific community are the availability in soil media of macro and micro nutrients and the efficiency of nutrient uptake by plant roots, the interactions between nutrients and other factors, the distribution of nutrients in different plant species, biochemical functions of nutrient elements, and their contribution to plant growth, yield and product quality. Feasibility and profit are also permanent concerns about plant nutrition in crop management, to which new require­ ments are now imposed by the need to decrease pollution hazards, a problem of prime importance to preserve the environment of the future. is A deeper insight into basic knowledge further required as well as into practical problems in the domains of agriculture, horticulture, and forestry. Such has been the concern of the International Association for the Optimization of Plant Nutrition (IAOPN) since 1964, promoting International Colloquia every four years as an opportunity for scientists concerned with plant nutrition to report new findings and to exchange ideas, experiences, and techniques. The Eighth International Colloquium for the Optimization of Plant Nutrition was hosted by Portugal and held in Lisbon from 31 August to 8 September 1992, with 280 delegates from 34 countries. Front Matter....Pages I-XVI Front Matter....Pages 1-1 A rapid wet digestion method for plant analysis....Pages 3-6 Comparison of techniques for nitrogen analysis in potato crops....Pages 7-11 Evaluation of inorganic elements in agricultural products from Italian farms by instrumental neutron activation analysis....Pages 13-17 Determination of lead in white lupin by anodic stripping voltammetry....Pages 19-23 Determination of copper in different chloroplast preparations....Pages 25-29 Four new CII reference materials for the chemical analysis of plants: Pine needles, oak leaves, barley-straw and apple-fruit....Pages 31-35 Determination of leaf standards for apple trees and grapevines in northern Italy....Pages 37-41 Interpretative indices for leaf analysis in vineyards of the Portuguese region of Bairrada....Pages 43-47 Relationship between aboveground dry weight and N, P and K concentrations in grassland species: A guide for the diagnosis of plant nutrient status....Pages 49-54 Front Matter....Pages 55-55 Potassium supplying capacity of northeastern Portuguese soils....Pages 57-64 Nutritional disorders between potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus in soil....Pages 65-72 The influence of the soil phosphate capacity factor on soil and plant phosphorus critical levels of different vegetables....Pages 73-76 The use as fertilizer of combined primary/secondary pulp-mill sludge....Pages 77-81 The use of industrial wastes as manures: A case study with effluent mud from an olive oil processing plant....Pages 83-86 Influence of container size and substrate mineral composition on transplant growth and yield of broccoli cv. Green Duke....Pages 87-92 Mulch and topdressed nitrogen effects on bell pepper....Pages 93-96 Long-term effects of gypsiferous coal combustion ash applied at disposal levels on soil chemical properties....Pages 97-100 Effects of composted municipal waste and a paper mill waste composted with bark on the growth of vegetable crops....Pages 101-105 Assessment of plant-available nitrogen in processed organic wastes....Pages 107-115 Relations between nitrogen and phosphorus immobilization during decomposition of forest litter....Pages 117-123 Front Matter....Pages 125-125 Some factors affecting potassium nutrition of sour cherry trees....Pages 127-132 The rootstock effect on some nutrient levels in leaves of apple tree cv. Granny Smith....Pages 133-136 Foliar diagnosis of sugarbeet: Mineral composition of leaves of different physiological age during the season....Pages 137-146 Diagnosing nutritional status of sugarbeet by soil and petiole analysis....Pages 147-151 Simulation of maize yield response to combined effects of nitrogen fertilization versus irrigation and plant population....Pages 153-155 The use of diagnosis recommendation integrated system (DRIS) to evaluate the nutritional status of healthy and blight affected citrus trees....Pages 157-159 An expert system for diagnosing citrus nutritional status and planning fertilization....Pages 161-166 DRIS evaluation of persimmon ( Diospyrus kaki L.)....Pages 167-172 A multivariate diagnosis approach applied to celery....Pages 173-177 Design and analysis of mixture systems: Applications in hydroponic, plant nutrition research....Pages 179-186 Front Matter....Pages 187-187 Genotypic variability for physiological efficiency index of nitrogen in oats....Pages 189-195 Mapping of genes for copper efficiency in rye and the relationship between copper and iron efficiency....Pages 197-201 Effect of a transient anoxia on potassium uptake in cucumber....Pages 203-206 Differences in uptake kinetics of ammonium and nitrate in legumes and cereals....Pages 207-212 Influence of root temperature on potassium nutrition of tomato plant....Pages 213-217 Growth analysis of soil-grown spinach plants at different N-regimes....Pages 219-226 Nitrate assimilation by wheat species at low rates of nitrogen supply....Pages 227-233 Influence of nitrogen availability on growth and development of tomato plants until fruit-setting....Pages 235-241 Effects of fertilization levels in two farming systems on senescence and nutrient contents in potato leaves....Pages 243-250 Relationship between biochemical indicators and physiological parameters of nitrogen and physiological plant age....Pages 251-257 Front Matter....Pages 259-259 An overall approach to plant nutrition through the use of square diagrams....Pages 261-267 Nutrient uptake by Toulouse violet ( Viola odorata var. parmensis ) during its developmental cycle....Pages 269-275 Effect of nitrogen on growth of broad beans....Pages 277-281 Nitrogen uptake in relation to water availability in wheat....Pages 283-290 Effect of nitrogen-form on plant growth and nutrient composition of creeping bentgrass....Pages 291-297 Sulphur status of maize leaves in relation to sulphur content and arylsulphatase activity in soil....Pages 299-304 Soil properties and mineral content of leaves in fig orchards producing high-quality fruits....Pages 305-308 Changes in K, Ca and Mg contents in different parts of the fig fruit during development....Pages 309-312 Effects of phosphorus and lime application on leaf mineral composition of olive trees grown in a schist soil....Pages 313-318 Effects of paclobutrazol application and fruit load on microelement concentrations in peach leaves....Pages 319-323 Effects of P-supply on growth and P-micronutrient interactions of potted peach seedlings....Pages 325-331 Effects of organic waste fertilization and saline irrigation on mineral composition of tomato leaves and fruits....Pages 333-337 Front Matter....Pages 339-339 Ammonia volatilization from compound nitrogen-sulfur fertilizers....Pages 341-349 Fertilizer recommendation scheme for phosphorus based on nutrient cycling in permanent pastures in the Basque Country, Northern Spain....Pages 351-354 Response of gama medic ( Medicago rugosa Desr.) grown on a calcaric cambisol to different rates of fertilizer phosphorus....Pages 355-358 Comparison of row and broadcast N application on N efficiency and yield of potatoes....Pages 359-365 Phosphorus dynamics and mobility in the diffusion zone of band-applied phosphorus fertilizers....Pages 367-373 Effects of phosphorus, magnesium and molybdenum application rates on resident and introduced meadow species in a dry land pasture in mountainous massif of Sicó, Portugal....Pages 375-380 Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium application rates on the botanical composition of an irrigated sward....Pages 381-390 Effects of nitrate, phosphate and sulfate combinations on growth and kinetics of phosphate and sulfate uptake by eucalypt seedlings....Pages 391-395 Front Matter....Pages 339-339 Influence of animal manures on extractable micronutrients, greenhouse tomatoes and subsequent Swiss chard crops....Pages 397-401 Do seaweed extracts improve vegetable production?....Pages 403-407 Front Matter....Pages 409-409 Yield and quality of irrigated summer-annual forages in southern Portugal as affected by nitrogen fertilization....Pages 411-415 Variations in yield and macronutrient uptake in vining peas regardless of N fertilization....Pages 417-423 Nitrogen fertilization of Phaseolus vulgaris for freezing....Pages 425-428 The effects of different nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer application on tomato seed properties....Pages 429-433 Influence of nitrogen nutrition on nutritional status and yield of ‘Navelina’ orange....Pages 435-438 Effect of NK fertilization on leaf nutrient content and fruit quality of ‘Valencia late’ orange trees....Pages 439-444 Effects of lime and phosphogypsum on citrus....Pages 445-448 Influence of soil and leaf applications of micronutrients on yield and fruit quality of Citrus sinensis Osbeck, variety Pera....Pages 449-452 Effects of fertilization on apple tree development, yield and fruit quality....Pages 453-456 Effect of Ca nutrition levels on growth and yield of wheat and two cvs. of triticales....Pages 457-462 Front Matter....Pages 463-467 Trace elements and isoenzyme activities in white lupin....Pages 469-469 Effect of iron chlorosis on mineral nutrition and lipid composition of thylakoid biomembrane in Prunus persica (L.) Bastch....Pages 471-476 Iron stress responses of a chlorosis-susceptible and chlorosis-resistant cultivars of pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.)....Pages 477-482 Are manganese and iron deficiencies so similar? Fluorescence, a way of study....Pages 483-489 Specificity of iron in some aspects of soybean ( Glycine max L.) physiology....Pages 491-496 Specificity of manganese in some aspects of soybean ( Glycine max L.) physiology....Pages 497-502 The effect of liming and organic manuring on the reduction of copper toxicity in an acid soil of granitic origin of Dão wine region, Portugal....Pages 503-507 Front Matter....Pages 509-516 Some effects of different levels of lead on berseem....Pages 469-469 Evaluation of structural and physiological plant characteristics in relation to the distribution of cadmium in maize inbred lines....Pages 517-521 Micronutrient content in graminaceous and leguminous plants contaminated with mercury....Pages 523-529 Front Matter....Pages 531-537 Effect of nutritional stress on photosynthesis rate of potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.)....Pages 539-539 Reactions of three soybean cultivars to interruptions in phosphorus supply....Pages 541-546 Effect of withdrawal of phosphorus on nitrate assimilation and PEP carboxylase activity in tomato....Pages 547-554 Susceptibility of sweet pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars to the calcium deficiency disorder ‘Blossom end rot’....Pages 555-561 Hydraulic properties of sphagnum peat moss and tuff (scoria) and their potential effects on water availability....Pages 563-567 Influence of NaCl treatment on Ca, K and Na interrelations in maize shoots....Pages 569-576 Effects of environment on the uptake and distribution of calcium in tomato and on the incidence of blossom-end rot....Pages 577-582 Complete environmental effluent disposal and reuse by drip irrigation....Pages 583-588 Effect of salinity on the nutritional level of the avocado....Pages 589-592 Interaction of salinity and enhanced ammonium and potassium nutrition in wheat....Pages 593-596 Response of wild subclovers to soil calcium in xeric and acid Spanish soils....Pages 597-601 Front Matter....Pages 603-609 Impact of intensive agriculture on resources and environment....Pages 611-611 Efficient management of nitrogen fertilization in modern cropping systems....Pages 613-617 A review of internal cycling of nitrogen within trees in relation to soil fertility....Pages 619-622 Growth, nitrogen uptake and internal cycling in Eucalyptus globulus seedlings in relation to nitrogen supply....Pages 623-628 A method to optimize N-application in relation to soil supply of N, and yield of potato....Pages 629-634 Nitrogen fertilization of potato and maize in relation to yield, quality of the production and risks to the environment....Pages 635-640 Front Matter....Pages 641-649 Controlled supply of fertilizers for increasing use efficiency and reducing environmental damage....Pages 611-611 Local resource management in computer aided farming: A new approach for sustainable agriculture....Pages 651-656 Suitability for agricultural use of sediments from the Maranhão reservoir, Portugal....Pages 657-663 Back Matter....Pages 665-671 ....Pages 673-684

The Eighth International Colloquium for the Optimization of Plant Nutrition was held in Lisbon, Portugal, 1992, and was attended by 280 scientists from 34 countries. The meeting was of high scientific standard; the programme allowed the participants ample opportunity for discussions, and exchange of results and ideas.
The present volume includes 103 refereed contributions that clearly reflect the main themes of the Colloquium. The published papers are related to the following problem areas: plant analytical procedures and associated concepts; diagnosis of nutrient status of plants in relation to fertilizer application; physiological and biochemical effects of stress (nutrient deficiencies/toxicities, salinity/alkalinity, etc.); assessment of nutrient requirements by crops and improvement of nutrient use efficiency based on dynamic models; optimization of crop nutrition in integrated agriculture in terms of maximum productivity and profitability, technical feasibility, and reduction of environmental pollution.

Since 1964, International Colloquia have been organized every four years under the aegis of what is now known as the International Association for the Optimization of Plant Nutrition (IAOPN). The aim of these meetings has been to assess the continuing and increasing role of plant nutrition in developments in horticulture, agriculture, and forestry.
Major progress has been made in use of artificial growth media, diagnosis of plant nutrient requirements and disorders of crops, the ongoing quest to improve both yield and quality of crops through efficient use of fertilizers, and the introduction of methods and materials in crop nutrition that spare the environment.