Optimization-Based Energy Management for Multi-energy Maritime Grids (Springer Series on Naval Architecture, Marine Engineering, Shipbuilding and Shipping, 11)

This open access book discusses the energy management for the multi-energy maritime grid, which is the local energy network installed in harbors, ports, ships, ferries, or vessels. The grid consists of generation, storage, and critical loads. It operates either in grid-connected or in islanding modes, under the constraints of both power system and transportation system. With full electrification, the future maritime grids, such as all-electric ships and seaport microgrids, will become “maritime multi-energy system” with the involvement of multiple energy, i.e., electrical power, fossil fuel, and heating/cooling power. With various practical cases, this book provides a cross-disciplinary view of the green and sustainable shipping via the energy management of maritime grids. In this book, the concepts and definitions of the multi-energy maritime grids are given after a comprehensive literature survey, and then the global and regional energy efficiency policies for the maritime transportation are illustrated. After that, it presents energy management methods under different scenarios for all-electric ships and electrified ports. At last, the future research roadmap are overviewed. The book is intended for graduate students, researchers, and professionals who are interested in the energy management of maritime transportation. Preface Acknowledgments Contents About the Authors Abbreviations 1 Introduction to the Multi-energy Maritime Grids 1.1 Background and Motivation 1.1.1 Economy Growth and the Demand for Maritime Transport 1.1.2 Ship Supply Capacity and Market Structure 1.1.3 Shipping Services and Ports 1.1.4 The Path to the Green Shipping 1.2 Promising Technologies 1.2.1 Overview 1.2.2 Selected Technical Designs for Energy Efficiency Improvement 1.2.3 Selected Alternative Fuels or Energy Sources 1.3 Next-Generation Maritime Grids 1.3.1 Shipboard Microgrid 1.3.2 Seaport Microgrid 1.3.3 Coordination Between Shipboard and Seaport Microgrids 1.4 Summary References 2 Basics for Optimization Problem 2.1 Overview of Optimization Problems 2.1.1 General Forms 2.1.2 Classifications of Optimization Problems 2.2 Optimization Problems with Uncertainties 2.2.1 Stochastic Optimization 2.2.2 Robust Optimization 2.2.3 Interval Optimization 2.3 Convex Optimization 2.3.1 Semi-definite Programming 2.3.2 Second-Order Cone Programming 2.4 Optimization Frameworks 2.4.1 Two-Stage Optimization 2.4.2 Bi-level Optimization 2.5 Summary References 3 Mathematical Formulation of Management Targets 3.1 Overview of the Management Tasks 3.2 Navigation Tasks 3.2.1 Typical Cases 3.2.2 Mathematical Model 3.3 Energy Consumption 3.3.1 Diesel Engines/Generators 3.3.2 Fuel Cell 3.3.3 Energy Storage 3.3.4 Renewable Energy Generation 3.3.5 Main Grid 3.4 Gas Emission 3.4.1 Gas Emission from Ships 3.4.2 Gas Emission from Ports 3.5 Reliability Under Multiple Failures 3.5.1 Multiple Failures in Ships 3.5.2 Multiple Failures in Ports 3.5.3 Reliability Indexes 3.6 Lifecycle Cost 3.6.1 Fuel Cell Lifetime Degradation Model 3.6.2 Energy Storage Lifetime Degradation Model 3.7 Quality of Service 3.7.1 Comfort Level of Passengers 3.7.2 Satisfaction Degree of Berthed-in Ships References 4 Formulation and Solution of Maritime Grids Optimization 4.1 Synthesis-Design-Operation (SDO) Optimization 4.2 Coordination Between Maritime Grids 4.3 Topologies of Maritime Grids 4.3.1 Topologies of Ship Power Systems 4.3.2 Topologies of Seaport Microgrids 4.3.3 Topologies of Other Maritime Grids 4.4 Synthesis-Design-Operation Optimization of Maritime Grids 4.4.1 Synthesis Optimization for Maritime Grids 4.4.2 Design and Operation Optimization for Maritime Grids 4.5 Formulation and Solution of SDO Optimization 4.5.1 The Compact Form of SDO Optimization 4.5.2 Classification of the Solution Method 4.5.3 Decomposition-Based Solution Method References 5 Energy Management of Maritime Grids Under Uncertainties 5.1 Introductions of Uncertainties in Maritime Grids 5.1.1 Different Types of Uncertainties 5.1.2 Effects of Electrification for Uncertainties 5.2 Navigation Uncertainties 5.2.1 Uncertain Wave and Wind 5.2.2 Adverse Weather Conditions 5.2.3 Calls-for-Service Uncertainties 5.3 Energy Source Uncertainties 5.3.1 Renewable Energy Uncertainties 5.3.2 Main Grid Uncertainties 5.3.3 Equipment Uncertainties 5.4 Data-Driven Optimization with Uncertainties 5.4.1 General Model 5.4.2 Data-Driven Stochastic Modeling 5.4.3 Data-Driven Robust Modeling 5.5 Typical Problems 5.5.1 Energy Management for Photovoltaic (PV) Uncertainties in AES 5.5.2 Energy Management for Navigation Uncertainties in AES References 6 Energy Storage Management of Maritime Grids 6.1 Introduction to Energy Storage Technologies 6.2 Characteristics of Different Energy Storage Technologies 6.2.1 Classifications of Current Energy Storage Technologies 6.2.2 Battery 6.2.3 Flywheel 6.2.4 Ultracapacitor 6.3 Applications of Energy Storage in Maritime Grids 6.3.1 Roles of Energy Storage in Maritime Grids 6.3.2 Navigation Uncertainties and Demand Response 6.3.3 Renewable Energy Integration 6.3.4 Energy Recovery for Equipment 6.4 Typical Problems 6.4.1 Energy Storage Management in AES for Navigation Uncertainties 6.4.2 Energy Storage Management in AES for Extending Lifetime References 7 Multi-energy Management of Maritime Grids 7.1 Concept of Multi-energy Management 7.1.1 Motivation and Background 7.1.2 Classification of Multi-energy Systems 7.2 Future Multi-energy Maritime Grids 7.2.1 Multi-energy Nature of Maritime Grids 7.2.2 Multi-energy Cruise Ships 7.2.3 Multi-energy Seaport 7.3 General Model and Solving Method 7.3.1 Compact Form Model 7.3.2 A Decomposed Solving Method 7.4 Typical Problems 7.4.1 Multi-energy Management for Cruise Ships 7.4.2 Multi-energy Management for Seaport Microgrids References 8 Multi-source Energy Management of Maritime Grids 8.1 Multiples Sources in Maritime Grids 8.1.1 Main Grid 8.1.2 Main Engines 8.1.3 Battery and Fuel Cell 8.1.4 Renewable Energy and Demand Response 8.2 Coordination Between Multiple Sources in Maritime Grids 8.3 Some Representative Coordination Cases 8.3.1 Main Engine—Battery Coordination in AES 8.3.2 Main Engine-Fuel Cell Coordination in AES 8.3.3 Demand Response Coordination Within Seaports References 9 The Ways Ahead 9.1 Future Maritime Grids 9.2 Data-Driven Technologies 9.2.1 Navigation Uncertainty Forecasting 9.2.2 States of Battery Energy Storage 9.2.3 Fuel Cell Degradation 9.2.4 Renewable Energy Forecasting 9.3 Siting and Sizing Problems 9.3.1 Energy Storage Integration 9.3.2 Fuel Cell Integration 9.4 Energy Management 9.5 Summary References "This book mainly focuses on the energy management of the multi-energy maritime grids. With various practical cases, this book provides a cross-disciplinary view on green and sustainable shipping via the electrification of maritime grids." (from the Preface)