OpenGL® Programming Guide : Ninth Edition : the official guide to learning OpenGL®, version 4.5 with SPIR-V

Complete Coverage of OpenGL(r) 4.5 the Latest Version (Includes 4.5, 4.4, SPIR-V, and Extensions) The latest version of today s leading worldwide standard for computer graphics, OpenGL 4.5 delivers significant improvements in application efficiency, flexibility, and performance. OpenGL 4.5 is an exceptionally mature and robust platform for programming high-quality computer-generated images and interactive applications using 2D and 3D objects, color images, and shaders. " OpenGL(r) Programming Guide, Ninth Edition, " presents definitive, comprehensive information on OpenGL 4.5, 4.4, SPIR-V, OpenGL extensions, and the OpenGL Shading Language. It will serve you for as long as you write or maintain OpenGL code. This edition of the best-selling Red Book fully integrates shader techniques alongside classic, function-centric approaches, and contains extensive code examples that demonstrate modern techniques. Starting with the fundamentals, its wide-ranging coverage includes drawing, color, pixels, fragments, transformations, textures, framebuffers, light and shadow, and memory techniques for advanced rendering and nongraphical applications. It also offers discussions of all shader stages, including thorough explorations of tessellation, geometric, and compute shaders. New coverage in this edition includes Thorough coverage of OpenGL 4.5 Direct State Access (DSA), which overhauls the OpenGL programming model and how applications access objects Deeper discussions and more examples of shader functionality and GPU processing, reflecting industry trends to move functionality onto graphics processors Demonstrations and examples of key features based on community feedback and suggestions Updated appendixes covering the latest OpenGL libraries, related APIs, functions, variables, formats, and debugging and profiling techniques Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE " About This E-Book Title Page Copyright Page Praise for previous editions of OpenGL® Programming Guide Dedication Page Contents Figures Tables Examples About This Guide What This Guide Contains What’s New in This Edition What You Should Know Before Reading This Guide How to Obtain the Sample Code Errata Style Conventions About the OpenGL Series Acknowledgments John Kessenich Graham Sellers Dave Shreiner Chapter 1. Introduction to OpenGL What Is OpenGL? Your First Look at an OpenGL Program OpenGL Syntax OpenGL’s Rendering Pipeline Preparing to Send Data to OpenGL Sending Data to OpenGL Vertex Shading Tessellation Shading Geometry Shading Primitive Assembly Clipping Rasterization Fragment Shading Per-Fragment Operations Our First Program: A Detailed Discussion Entering main() OpenGL Initialization Our First OpenGL Drawing Chapter 2. Shader Fundamentals Shaders and OpenGL OpenGL’s Programmable Pipeline An Overview of the OpenGL Shading Language Creating Shaders with GLSL Storage Qualifiers Statements Computational Invariance Shader Preprocessor Compiler Control Global Shader-Compilation Option Interface Blocks Uniform Blocks Specifying Uniform Blocks in Shaders Accessing Uniform Blocks from Your Application Buffer Blocks In/Out Blocks, Locations, and Components Compiling Shaders Shader Subroutines Advanced GLSL Subroutine Setup Selecting Shader Subroutines Separate Shader Objects Advanced SPIR-V Reasons to Choose SPIR-V Using SPIR-V with OpenGL Using GLSL to Generate SPIR-V for OpenGL Glslang What’s Inside SPIR-V? Chapter 3. Drawing with OpenGL OpenGL Graphics Primitives Points Lines, Strips, and Loops Triangles, Strips, and Fans Data in OpenGL Buffers Creating and Allocating Buffers Getting Data into and out of Buffers Accessing the Content of Buffers Discarding Buffer Data Vertex Specification VertexAttribPointer in Depth Static Vertex-Attribute Specification OpenGL Drawing Commands Restarting Primitives Instanced Rendering Chapter 4. Color, Pixels, and Fragments Basic Color Theory Buffers and Their Uses Color Buffers Depth Buffer Stencil Buffer Clearing Buffers Masking Buffers Color and OpenGL Color Representation and OpenGL Smoothly Interpolating Data Testing and Operating on Fragments Scissor Test Multisample Fragment Operations Stencil Test Stencil Examples Depth Test Blending Logical Operations Occlusion Query Conditional Rendering Multisampling Sample Shading Per-Primitive Antialiasing Antialiasing Lines Antialiasing Polygons Reading and Copying Pixel Data Clamping Returned Values Copying Pixel Rectangles Chapter 5. Viewing Transformations, Culling, Clipping, and Feedback Viewing Viewing Model Camera Model Orthographic Viewing Model User Transformations Matrix Multiply Refresher Homogeneous Coordinates Linear Transformations and Matrices Transforming Normals OpenGL Matrices OpenGL Transformations Advanced: User Culling and Clipping Controlling OpenGL Transformations Transform Feedback Transform Feedback Objects Transform Feedback Buffers Configuring Transform Feedback Varyings Starting and Stopping Transform Feedback Transform Feedback Example—Particle System Chapter 6. Textures and Framebuffers Introduction to Texturing Basic Texture Types Creating and Initializing Textures Proxy Textures Specifying Texture Data Explicitly Setting Texture Data Loading Textures from Buffers Loading Images from Files Retrieving Texture Data Texture Data Layout Texture Formats Internal Formats External Formats Compressed Textures Sampler Objects Sampler Parameters Using Textures Texture Coordinates Arranging Texture Data Using Multiple Textures Complex Texture Types 3D Textures Array Textures Cube-Map Textures Shadow Samplers Depth-Stencil Textures Buffer Textures Texture Views Filtering Linear Filtering Using and Generating Mipmaps Calculating the Mipmap Level Mipmap Level-of-Detail Control Advanced Texture Lookup Functions Explicit Level of Detail Explicit Gradient Specification Texture Fetch with Offsets Projective Texturing Texture Queries in Shaders Gathering Texels Combining Special Functions Bindless Textures Texture Handles Texture Residency Sampling Bindless Textures Sparse Textures Sparse Texture Commitment Sparse Texture Pages Point Sprites Textured Point Sprites Controlling the Appearance of Points Framebuffer Objects Rendering to Texture Maps Discarding Rendered Data Renderbuffers Creating Renderbuffer Storage Framebuffer Attachments Framebuffer Completeness Invalidating Framebuffers Writing to Multiple Renderbuffers Simultaneously Selecting Color Buffers for Writing and Reading Dual-Source Blending Chapter Summary Texture Redux Texture Best Practices Chapter 7. Light and Shadow Lighting Introduction Classic Lighting Model Fragment Shaders for Different Light Styles Moving Calculations to the Vertex Shader Multiple Lights and Materials Lighting Coordinate Systems Limitations of the Classic Lighting Model Advanced Lighting Models Hemisphere Lighting Image-Based Lighting Lighting with Spherical Harmonics Shadow Mapping Creating a Shadow Map Using a Shadow Map Chapter 8. Procedural Texturing Procedural Texturing Regular Patterns Toy Ball Lattice Procedural Shading Summary Bump Mapping Application Setup Vertex Shader Fragment Shader Normal Maps Antialiasing Procedural Textures Sources of Aliasing Avoiding Aliasing Increasing Resolution Antialiasing High Frequencies Frequency Clamping Procedural Antialiasing Summary Noise Definition of Noise Noise Textures Trade-Offs A Simple Noise Shader Turbulence Marble Granite Wood Noise Summary Further Information Chapter 9. Tessellation Shaders Tessellation Shaders Tessellation Patches Tessellation Control Shaders Generating Output-Patch Vertices Tessellation Control Shader Variables Controlling Tessellation Tessellation Evaluation Shaders Specifying the Primitive Generation Domain Specifying the Face Winding for Generated Primitives Specifying the Spacing of Tessellation Coordinates Additional Tessellation Evaluation Shader layout Options Specifying a Vertex’s Position Tessellation Evaluation Shader Variables A Tessellation Example: The Teapot Processing Patch Input Vertices Evaluating Tessellation Coordinates for the Teapot Additional Tessellation Techniques View-Dependent Tessellation Shared Tessellated Edges and Cracking Displacement Mapping Chapter 10. Geometry Shaders Creating a Geometry Shader Geometry Shader Inputs and Outputs Geometry Shader Inputs Special Geometry Shader Primitives Geometry Shader Outputs Producing Primitives Culling Geometry Geometry Amplification Advanced Transform Feedback Multiple Output Streams Primitive Queries Using Transform Feedback Results Geometry Shader Instancing Multiple Viewports and Layered Rendering Viewport Index Layered Rendering Chapter Summary Geometry Shader Redux Geometry Shader Best Practices Chapter 11. Memory Using Textures for Generic Data Storage Binding Textures to Image Units Reading and Writing to Images Shader Storage Buffer Objects Writing Structured Data Atomic Operations and Synchronization Atomic Operations on Images Atomic Operations on Buffers Sync Objects Image Qualifiers and Barriers High-Performance Atomic Counters Example: Order-Independent Transparency Principles of Operation Initialization Rendering Sorting and Blending Results Chapter 12. Compute Shaders Overview Workgroups and Dispatch Knowing Where You Are Communication and Synchronization Communication Synchronization Examples Physical Simulation Image Processing Chapter Summary Compute Shader Redux Compute Shader Best Practices Appendix A. Support Libraries Basics of GLFW: The OpenGL Utility Framework Initializing and Creating a Window Handling User Input Controlling the Window Shutting Down Cleanly GL3W: OpenGL Glue Appendix B. OpenGL ES and WebGL OpenGL ES WebGL Setting Up WebGL Within an HTML5 Page Initializing Shaders in WebGL Initializing Vertex Data in WebGL Using Texture Maps in WebGL Appendix C. Built-in GLSL Variables and Functions Built-in Variables Built-in Variable Declarations Built-in Variable Descriptions Built-in Constants Built-in Functions Angle and Trigonometry Functions Exponential Functions Common Functions Floating-Point Pack and Unpack Functions Geometric Functions Matrix Functions Vector Relational Functions Integer Functions Texture Functions Atomic-Counter Functions Atomic Memory Functions Image Functions Fragment Processing Functions Geometry Shader Functions Shader Invocation Control Functions Shader Memory Control Functions Appendix D. State Variables The Query Commands OpenGL State Variables Current Values and Associated Data Vertex Array Object State Vertex Array Data Buffer Object State Transformation State Coloring State Rasterization State Multisampling Textures Pixel Operations Framebuffer Controls Framebuffer State Renderbuffer State Pixel State Shader Object State Shader Program Pipeline Object State Shader Program Object State Program Interface State Program Object Resource State Vertex and Geometry Shader State Query Object State Image State Transform Feedback State Atomic Counter State Shader Storage Buffer State Sync Object State Hints Compute Dispatch State Implementation-Dependent Values Tessellation Shader Implementation-Dependent Limits Geometry Shader Implementation-Dependent Limits Fragment Shader Implementation-Dependent Limits Implementation-Dependent Compute Shader Limits Implementation-Dependent Shader Limits Implementation-Dependent Debug Output State Implementation-Dependent Values Internal Format-Dependent Values Implementation-Dependent Transform Feedback Limits Framebuffer-Dependent Values Miscellaneous Appendix E. Homogeneous Coordinates and Transformation Matrices Homogeneous Coordinates Transforming Vertices Transforming Normals Transformation Matrices Translation Scaling Rotation Perspective Projection Orthographic Projection Appendix F. Floating-Point Formats for Textures, Framebuffers, and Renderbuffers Reduced-Precision Floating-Point Values 16-Bit Floating-Point Values 10- and 11-Bit Unsigned Floating-Point Values Appendix G. Debugging and Profiling OpenGL Creating a Debug Context Debug Output Debug Messages Filtering Messages Application-Generated Messages Debug Groups Naming Objects Profiling Profiling Tools In-Application Profiling Appendix H. Buffer Object Layouts Using Standard Layout Qualifiers The std140 Layout Rules The std430 Layout Rules Glossary Index Code Snippets Complete Coverage of OpenGL 4.5the Latest Version (Includes 4.5, 4.4, SPIR-V, and Extensions) The latest version of todays leading worldwide standard for computer graphics, OpenGL 4.5 delivers significant improvements in application efficiency, flexibility, and performance. OpenGL 4.5 is an exceptionally mature and robust platform for programming high-quality computer-generated images and interactive applications using 2D and 3D objects, color images, and shaders. OpenGL Programming Guide, Ninth Edition, presents definitive, comprehensive information on OpenGL 4.5, 4.4, SPIR-V, OpenGL extensions, and the OpenGL Shading Language. It will serve you for as long as you write or maintain OpenGL code. This edition of the best-selling Red Book fully integrates shader techniques alongside classic, function-centric approaches, and contains extensive code examples that demonstrate modern techniques. Starting with the fundamentals, its wide-ranging coverage includes drawing, color, pixels, fragments, transformations, textures, framebuffers, light and shadow, and memory techniques for advanced rendering and nongraphical applications. It also offers discussions of all shader stages, including thorough explorations of tessellation, geometric, and compute shaders. New coverage in this edition includes This book integrates shader techniques alongside classic, function-centric approaches, and contains extensive code examples that demonstrate modern techniques. Starting with the fundamentals, its wide-ranging coverage includes drawing, color, pixels, fragments, transformations, textures, framebuffers, light and shadow, and memory techniques for advanced rendering and nongraphical applications. It also offers discussions of all shader stages, including thorough explorations of tessellation, geometric, and compute shaders. Résumé de l'éditeur