On Comitatives And Related Categories: A Typological Study With Special Focus On The Languages Of Europe (emprical Approaches To Language Typology 33) ... To Language Typology [ealt]) (german Edition)

This is the first book-length functional-typologically inspired crosslinguistic study of comitatives and related categories such as the instrumental. On the basis of data drawn from 400 languages world-wide (covering all major phyla and areas), the authors test and revise a variety of general linguistic hypotheses about the grammar and cognitive foundations of comitatives. Three types of languages are identified according to the morphological treatment of the comitative and its syncretistic association with other concepts. It is shown that the structural behaviour of comitatives is areally biassed and that the languages of Europe tend to diverge from the majority of the world's languages. This has important repercussions for a language-independent definition of the comitative. The supposed conceptual closeness of comitative and instrumental is discussed in some detail and a semantic map of the comitative is put forward. Markedness is the crucial concept for the evaluation of the relation that ties comitatives and instrumentals to each other. In a separate chapter, the diachrony of comitatives is looked into from the perspective of grammaticalisation research. Throughout the book, the argumentation is richly documented by empirical data. The book contains three case-studies of the comitative in Icelandic, Latvian and Maltese - each of which represents one of the three language types identified earlier in the text. For the purpose of comparing the languages of Europe, a chapter is devoted to the analysis of a large parallel literary corpus (covering 64 languages) which reveals that the parameters of genetic affiliation, areal location and typological classification interact in intricate ways when it comes to predicting whether or not two languages of the sample behave similarly as to the use to which they put their comitative morphemes. With a view to determining the degree of similarity between the languages of the European sub-sample, methods of quantitative typology are employed. General linguists with an interest in case, functional typologists, grammaticalisation researchers and experts of markedness issues will value this book as an important contribution to their respective fields of interest. We regret that, due to a PDF problem, the figure on page 111 is partly shown in black. Please find the correct table [here](http://www.degruyter.de/downloads/9783110185874_p111.pdf).

This is the first book-length functional-typologically inspired crosslinguistic study of comitatives and related categories such as the instrumental. On the basis of data drawn from 400 languages world-wide (covering all major phyla and areas), the authors test and revise a variety of general linguistic hypotheses about the grammar and cognitive foundations of comitatives. Three types of languages are identified according to the morphological treatment of the comitative and its syncretistic association with other concepts. It is shown that the structural behaviour of comitatives is areally biassed and that the languages of Europe tend to diverge from the majority of the world's languages. This has important repercussions for a language-independent definition of the comitative. The supposed conceptual closeness of comitative and instrumental is discussed in some detail and a semantic map of the comitative is put forward. Markedness is the crucial concept for the evaluation of the relation that ties comitatives and instrumentals to each other. In a separate chapter, the diachrony of comitatives is looked into from the perspective of grammaticalisation research. Throughout the book, the argumentation is richly documented by empirical data. The book contains three case-studies of the comitative in Icelandic, Latvian and Maltese - each of which represents one of the three language types identified earlier in the text. For the purpose of comparing the languages of Europe, a chapter is devoted to the analysis of a large parallel literary corpus (covering 64 languages) which reveals that the parameters of genetic affiliation, areal location and typological classification interact in intricate ways when it comes to predicting whether or not two languages of the sample behave similarly as to the use to which they put their comitative morphemes. With a view to determining the degree of similarity between the languages of the European sub-sample, methods of quantitative typology are employed. General linguists with an interest in case, functional typologists, grammaticalisation researchers and experts of markedness issues will value this book as an important contribution to their respective fields of interest.

We regret that, due to a PDF problem, the figure on page 111 is partly shown in black. Please find the correct table here.

Preface and acknowledgements......Page 4 Contents......Page 9 List of abbreviations......Page 12 1. Introduction......Page 15 2. Some problems with form and function......Page 18 3. Goals......Page 27 4. Categories, definitions and terminology......Page 29 5. Methodology and theory......Page 90 6. Corpus/Sample......Page 106 7. Structure......Page 110 8. The Companion-Metaphor......Page 112 9. Syncretism......Page 128 10. Systematicity of interaction......Page 180 11. A corpus-based analysis......Page 210 12. Case studies......Page 296 13. Grammaticalisation......Page 371 14. Contact......Page 384 15. This is the end.........Page 401 Appendix I Sample languages......Page 410 Appendix II Genetic affiliation......Page 436 Appendix III Questionnaire......Page 454 Notes......Page 460 Sources......Page 519 References......Page 522 Index of languages......Page 550 Index of authors......Page 556 Index of subjects......Page 562 By Thomas Stolz, Cornelia Stroh, Aina Urdze. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [508]-535) And Indexes.