Older Mexicans and Latinos in the United States : Where Worlds Meet

This book delves into the consequences of rapid population aging for Mexico and U.S. Latinos, impacting various institutions, including families, the labor force, and healthcare systems. It examines in depth the causes and consequences of the increasing prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia, especially early-onset decline in the Mexican-origin population. The book identifies resilience factors as critical to successful aging and health in the Mexican and Mexican-American populations from a transdisciplinary perspective. It also examines the diversity in the experiences of older adults with dementia and related disorders and that of their families in Mexico and the United States. The book also helps to better understand the levels of need and support capacity in both nations and the organizational contexts of long-term care in both countries. The ultimate goal of this sixth volume in the series on aging in the Americas is to identify critical sources of vulnerability and possible policy options for closing the gap in affordable and sustainable long-term care and financial wellbeing for low-resource populations living with dementia and other medical conditions in both countries. The volume presents new information, consensus data, potential venues for intervention, and action frameworks to advance current knowledge grounded in global aging health systems research of closing disparities in vulnerable populations at high risk of declining cognitive and physical health in two different political contexts. As such, the book provides a wealth of information for researchers, policy makers and professionals in the field of population aging. Foreword Preface: Where Worlds Meet: Growing Older in Mexico and Aging Latinos in the United States (6th Edition). Springer Nature Organization of the Book Section Themes References Contents Part I: Introduction – Three Decades of Research Chapter 1: Aging and Health in the Americas: Past, Present and Future Research on the U.S. Hispanic and Mexican Populations Introduction Origin of the Investigation of Population Aging and Health The 1980s and the Establishment of Hispanic Ethnogerontology The 1990s and the Beginning of the Longitudinal Study of Mexican-American Elderly Health (the Hispanic EPESE) A New Focus The Conference Series on Aging in the Americas Healthful Aging: Risk and Resilience: Do Protective Factors Selectively Weaken in Later Life? Has Morbidity Been Compressed? Dementia Support: What Are the Institutional Responses? References Part II: Cognition: Conceptual and Measurement Issues Chapter 2: Acculturation in Context: A Framework for Investigating Cognitive and Brain Aging in People of Hispanic and Latin American Descent Acculturation in Context: Framework Rationale Acculturation in Context: Framework Defined Acculturation in Context: Framework Applied Acculturation in Context: Framework Limitations and Future Directions References Chapter 3: Deconstructing Resilience in Cognitive Aging in Mexico and Latino Communities in the United States: Consensus Agenda Findings and Recommendations Cognitive Aging Trends in the U.S. and Mexico Healthy Aging and Types of Resilience 2022 International Conference on Aging in the Americas Consensus-Building Session Results of Consensus-Building Activity Topic 1: Defining and Measuring Resilience Topic 2: Factors That Promote and Constrain Resilience Topic 3: Life Course Principles to Inform Efforts to Promote Resilience Discussion Conclusion References Chapter 4: Resilient Cognitive Aging in Latinx and Mexican American Populations Overview and Definition of Resilience Defining Resilience: Reserve, Resilience, Mental Agility Resilience in Latinx and Mexican American Populations The “Hispanic Paradox” Cognitive Impairment in the Hispanic Population Factors Contributing to the Cognitive Health Disparities Between Hispanics and Whites Socioeconomic Status Chronic Health Conditions Prolonged Stress Cognitive Testing Bias Cognitive Differences Among Hispanics Resilience Building Interventions Barriers to Implementation and Possible Solutions Unresolved Questions and Future Directions References Chapter 5: Contextualizing the Effects of Stress on Cognitive Health in U.S. Latinx Adults Introduction Stress and Cognitive Health Stress and Cognitive Health Outcomes in Latinx Adults: The Importance of Context Acculturative Stress and Cognition in Latinxs Ethnic Discrimination and Cognitive Function in Latinxs The Stress Process in Latinx Adults Cultural Differences in Stress Appraisal: A Source of Resiliency Methods and Results Are There Differential Effects of Chronic Versus Acculturative Stress on Cognitive Function in Latinx Adults? Is Ethnic Discrimination Associated with Cognitive Function in Latinx Adults of Mexican Origin? Are There Differences in the Stress Process Between Mexican-Origin and Non-Latinx White Adults? Discussion Conclusion References Part III: Sociocultural Influences on Health Chapter 6: Alzheimer’s Disease Among Communities of Color: The Role of Place for Brain Health Equity Introduction Data and Methods Results Counties with the Highest and Lowest ADRD Burden Among Black Americans Demographic and Health Profile Modifiable Risk Factors Socioeconomic Profile Counties with the Highest and Lowest ADRD Burden among Latinos Demographic Characteristics Modifiable Risk Factors Socioeconomic Characteristics Counties with the Highest and Lowest ADRD Burden among Non-Latino Whites Demographic Characteristics Modifiable Risk Factors Socioeconomic Characteristics Discussion and Recommendations Recommendations References Chapter 7: Heritage, Birthplace, Age at Migration, and Education as Life Course Mechanisms Influencing Cognitive Aging Among Latinos Latino Heritage Cubans Mexicans Puerto Ricans Dominicans Central and South Americans Birthplace and Nativity Age at Migration Latino Heterogeneity in Education The Current Study Methods Data Measures Dependent Variable Independent Variables Analytic Strategy Results Latino Heritage and Self-Reported Cognitive Impairment Latino Heritage, Nativity, and Self-Reported Cognitive Impairment Latino Heritage, Nativity, Age at Migration, and Self-Reported Cognitive Impairment Latino Heritage, Nativity, Age at Migration, Education, and Self-Reported Cognitive Impairment Discussion (Dis)advantaged Aspects of Latinidad Education and Resilient Cognitive Aging Limitations Conclusion References Chapter 8: The Mediterranean and MIND Dietary Patterns: Associations with Cognition and Psychological Distress Among Latinos Introduction Materials and Methods Participants Cognitive Tasks Executive Functioning Working Memory Episodic Memory Psychological Distress Perceived Stress General Life Satisfaction Sadness Loneliness Mediterranean Diet MIND Diet Statistical Analysis Results Discussion Conclusion References Part IV: Ethnicity, Migration and Healthful Aging Chapter 9: Impact of Comorbidity on Cognitive Function of Possible Vascular Origin Hypertension Diabetes Dyslipidemia Smoking Body Mass Index Physical Activity Depression Acute Myocardial Infarction Predictive Index of the Risk of Dementia of Vascular Etiology Conclusions References Chapter 10: Resilient Communities: Aging in Place Introduction Hispanic Community Characteristics and Aging Trends The Hispanic Enclave and Resilience The Hispanic Enclave and Health Outcomes Evidence-Based Culturally Tailored Programs to Prevent Chronic Diseases and Cancer in Hispanics Hispanic Caregiving Community-Based Services Funded by Medicare and Medicaid to Support Aging in Place Conclusions References Chapter 11: Impact of Ethnic Enclaves on Life-Space Mobility for the Oldest Mexican-Americans Introduction Methodology Sample and Data Measures Other Covariates Statistical Analysis Results Discussion References Chapter 12: Dementia Trends and Health-Care Access Among Older Latinx Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic Introduction Methods Data Measures Dependent Variables Covariates Analysis Results Descriptive Results Linear Regression Results Discussion Appendix References Part V: Policy and Health/Aging Policy in Mexico and the U.S. Chapter 13: Income Supplements and Subjective Life Expectancy for Low-Income Older Adults Introduction Literature Review Subjective Life Expectancy as a Predictor of Mortality Determinants of Subjective Life Expectancy Subjective Life Expectancy by Gender Methods Data Measures Statistical Analysis Results Baseline Characteristics Predictors of SLE Impact of Supplemental Income on SLE Discussion Limitations Implications Appendix References Chapter 14: Noncontributory Pensions as Human Rights in Mexico Security in Old Age as a Human Right Noncontributory Pensions: A Survival Floor Civil Society and a Growing Consciousness of the Rights of Older People Civil Society Organizations and the Rights of Older People Civil Society and Defamilisation A Perverse Possibility Reducing Informality References Chapter 15: Health Insurance Coverage and Forgoing Care in Mexico: The Role of Seguro Popular Introduction Evolution of Seguro Popular Enrollment Evolution of Health-Care Expenditures During Seguro Popular Effects of Seguro Popular on Health-Care Outcomes Affiliation in the Transition Phase Expansion of Health Insurance Coverage in Mexico and Trends in Forgoing Health Care Conclusion and Future Directions References Chapter 16: Health Equity and Aging in the Hispanic/Latino Population of the United States Introduction Pre-COVID-19 Environment Impact of the COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Pandemic Approaches and Conclusion References