OECD Review of Agricultural Policies : Bulgaria 2000.

OECD's 2000 review of Bulgaria's agricultural policies. It finds that with open trade and few price-distorting policies, Bulgaria is well on the route to laying down a sound foundation for improving the efficiency and competitiveness of its agro-food sector in preparation for accession to the European Union. However, a number of challenges remain. These include: establishing a functioning land market, reducing excess capacity in the food processing sector and encouraging investment in the agro-food industry. Another high priority is to accelerate economic growth and the development of off-farm employment opportunities for those leaving agriculture. The Review analyses developments since the 40-year monopoly of the communist party ended in 1989. It evaluates key structural issues, examines emerging policy developments and provides detailed estimates of support to agriculture, using the OECD’s Producer and Consumer Support Estimates (PSEs/CSEs). The study also discusses current policy options for Bulgarian agriculture within the framework of the EU’s Special Accession Programme for Agriculture and Rural Development (SAPARD). For those involved in central and eastern European agriculture and agro-food policies, markets and trade, the Review offers unique information and analysis. Policy-makers, businesses and researchers will find it an invaluable reference for a long time to come. Conclusions And Recommendations. A. The Economic And Agricultural Situation ; B. Agro-food Foreign Trade ; C. Agro-food Privatisation And Restructuring ; D. Agricultural Policies ; E. Support To Agriculture ; F. Rural Development Policies And Eu Accession ; G. Conclusions And Recommendations -- Pt. I. The Economic And Agricultural Situation. A. General Aspects ; B. Macroeconomic Developments ; C. Agricultural Situation -- Pt. Ii. Agro-food Foreign Trade. A. Trade Flows ; B. Trade Relations -- Pt. Iii. Privatisation And Structural Change In The Agro-food Sector. A. Land Ownership In Bulgaria: Historical Overview ; B. Farm Structures Before 1990 ; C. The Process Of Land And Agrarian Reform Since 1991 ; D. Privatisation In The Upstream And Downstream Sectors -- Pt. Iv. Agro-food Policy Objectives And Measures. A. Agricultural Policy Framework ; B. Price And Income Support Measures ; C. Foreign Trade Measures ; D. Reduction Of Input Costs ; E. Infrastructural Measures ; F. Social Measures ; G. Environmental Concerns And Protection Measures ; H. Consumer Measures ; I. Overall Budgetary Outlays On Agro-food Policies -- Pt. V. Evaluation Of Support To Agriculture. A. Aggregate Results ; B. Exchange Rate Sensitivity ; C. Composition Of Support ; D. Analysis Of Support By Commodity -- Pt. Vi. Rural Development Policies And Eu Accession. A. Rural Development Policy In The Pre-reform Period And In The 1990s ; B. Definition Of Rural Areas ; C. General Characteristics Of Rural Areas ; D. Rural Development In The Regional Policy Context ; E. Rural Development Strategy And Sapard. Summary, Conclusions And Recommendations. A. The Economic And Agricultural Situation ; B. Agro-food Foreign Trade ; C. Agro-food Privatisation And Restructuring ; D. Agricultural Policies ; E. Support To Agriculture ; F. Rural Development Policies And Eu Accession ; G. Conclusions And Recommendations -- Pt. I. The Economic And Agricultural Situation. A. General Aspects ; B. Macroeconomic Developments ; C. Agricultural Situation -- Pt. Ii. Agro-food Foreign Trade. A. Trade Flows ; B. Trade Relations -- Pt. Iii. Privatisation And Structural Change In The Agro-food Sector. A. Land Ownership In Bulgaria: Historical Overview ; B. Farm Structures Before 1990 ; C. The Process Of Land And Agrarian Reform Since 1991 ; D. Privatisation In The Upstream And Downstream Sectors -- Pt. Iv. Agro-food Policy Objectives And Measures. A. Agricultural Policy Framework ; B. Price And Income Support Measures ; C. Foreign Trade Measures ; D. Reduction Of Input Costs ; E. Infrastructural Measures ; F. Social Measures ; G. Environmental Concerns And Protection Measures ; H. Consumer Measures ; I. Overall Budgetary Outlays On Agro-food Policies -- Pt. V. Evaluation Of Support To Agriculture. A. Aggregate Results ; B. Exchange Rate Sensitivity ; C. Composition Of Support ; D. Analysis Of Support By Commodity -- Pt. Vi. Rural Development Policies And Eu Accession. A. Rural Development Policy In The Pre-reform Period And In The 1990s ; B. Definition Of Rural Areas ; C. General Characteristics Of Rural Areas ; D. Rural Development In The Regional Policy Context ; E. Rural Development Strategy And Sapard. At Head Of Title: Oecd Centre For Co-operation With Non-members. Includes Bibliographical References. ""Foreword"" ""Table of Contents"" ""Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations"" ""A. The economic and agricultural situation"" ""1. Macroeconomic situation"" ""2. Agriculture in the economy"" ""B. Agro-food foreign trade"" ""1. Trade flows"" ""2. Trade relations"" ""C. Agro-food privatisation and restructuring"" ""1. Emerging farm structure"" ""Transformation of collective farms"" ""Privatisation of state farms"" ""Development of private farming"" ""2. Land market"" ""3. Privatisation of upstream and downstream industries"" ""D. Agricultural policies"" ""1. Policies in the pre-reform period""""2. Agricultural policy objectives in the reform period"" ""3. New policy instruments"" ""Price and market regulation measures"" ""Trade measures"" ""Credit and investment policies"" ""4. General services"" ""Research, education and training"" ""Extension service"" ""Marketing systems"" ""5. Environmental measures"" ""E. Support to agriculture"" ""F. Rural development policies and EU accession"" ""G. Conclusions and recommendations"" ""Part I. The Economic and Agricultural Situation"" ""A. General aspects"" ""1. Background"" ""Graph I.1. Map of Bulgaria""""2. Historical overview and political developments"" ""Table I.1. Composition of the National Assembly"" ""3. Administrative structures and constitutional developments"" ""Box I.1. Key events in the transition process"" ""B. Macroeconomic developments"" ""1. Main economic reforms"" ""2. Output"" ""Table I.2. Main macroeconomic indicators, 1989-1999"" ""Table I.3. Structure of GDP at current prices, 1989-1999"" ""Graph I.1. GDP growth in Bulgaria and selected CEECs, 1990 = 100"" ""3. Inflation"" ""Graph I.2. Rate of inflation in Bulgaria and selected CEECs, 1990-1999""""4. Exchange rate policy"" ""5. Employment"" ""Graph I.3. Unemployment rate in Bulgaria and selected CEECs, 1990-1999"" ""6. Foreign trade and balance of payments"" ""Table I.4. Consolidated balance of payments"" ""7. Government budget"" ""8. Foreign direct investment"" ""9. Social policy issues"" ""C. Agricultural situation"" ""1. Agriculture and the food sector in the economy"" ""Box I.2. Some key features of the agro-food sector at the end of the centrally planned era"" ""Graph I.4. Share of agriculture in GDP in Bulgaria and selected CEECs, 1999""""2. Evolution of market conditions: prices and costs"" ""3. Sector performance: output, incomes, and employment"" ""Output"" ""Graph I.5. Gross agricultural output, crops and livestock 1989-1999"" ""Graph I.6. Gross Agricultural Output (GAO) in Bulgaria and selected CEECs, 1990-1999"" ""Graph I.7. Production of the main crops in Bulgaria, 1989-1999"" ""Graph I.8. Livestock numbers in Bulgaria, 1989-2000"" ""Labour force and employment in agriculture"" Conclusions, and Recommendations -- A. The Economic and Agricultural situation -- B. Agro-Food Foreign Trade -- C. Agro-Food Privatisation and Restructuring -- D. Agricultural Policies -- E. Support to Agriculture -- F. Rural Development and EU Accession -- G. Conclusions and Recommendations -- Part 1. The Economic and Agricultural Situation -- A. General Aspects -- 1. Background -- 2. Historial Overview and Political Developments -- 3. Administrative Structures and Constitutional Development -- B. Macroeconomic Developments -- C. Agricutlural Situation -- Part II. Agro-Food Foreign Trade -- A. Trade Flows -- B. Trade Relations -- Part III. Privatisation and Structural Change in the Agro-Food Sector -- A. Land Ownership in Bulgaria - Historical Overview -- B. Farm Structures before 1990 -- C. The Process of Land and Agrarian Reform since 1991 -- D. Privatisation in the Upstream and Downstream Sectors -- Part IV. Agro-Food Policy Objectives and Measures -- A. Agricultural Policy Framework -- B. Price and Income Support Measures -- C. Foreign Trade Measures -- D. Reduction of Input Costs -- E. Infrastructural Measures -- F. Social Measures -- G. Environmental Concerns and Protection Measures -- H. Consumer Measures -- I. Overall Budgetary Outlays on Agro-Food Policies -- Part V. Evaluation of Support to Agriculture -- A. Aggregate Results -- B. Exchange Rate Sensitivity -- C. Composition of Support -- D. Analysis of Support by Commodity -- Part VI. Rural Development Policies and EU Accession -- A. Rural Development Policy in the Pre-Reform Period and in the 1990s -- B. Definition of Rural Areas -- C. General Characteristics of Rural Areas -- D. Rural Development in the Regional Policy Context -- E. Rural Development and SAPARD -- Annex Tables to Parts I, II, and IV -- Statistical Annex: Assistance to Bulgarian Agriculture -- Supporting Tables: Calculations of PSEs and CSEs -- Bibliography Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations A. The Economic and Agricultural situation B. Agro-Food Foreign Trade C. Agro-Food Privatisation and Restructuring D. Agricultural Policies E. Support to Agriculture F. Rural Development and EU Accession G. Conclusions and Recommendations Part 1. The Economic and Agricultural Situation A. General Aspects 1. Background 2. Historial Overview and Political Developments 3. Administrative Structures and Constitutional Development B. Macroeconomic Developments C. Agricutlural Situation Part II. Agro-Food Foreign Trade A. Trade Flows B. Trade Relations Part III. Privatisation and Structural Change in the Agro-Food Sector A. Land Ownership in Bulgaria - Historical Overview B. Farm Structures before 1990 C. The Process of Land and Agrarian Reform since 1991 D. Privatisation in the Upstream and Downstream Sectors Part IV. Agro-Food Policy Objectives and Measures A. Agricultural Policy Framework B. Price and Income Support Measures C. Foreign Trade Measures D. Reduction of Input Costs E. Infrastructural Measures F. Social Measures G. Environmental Concerns and Protection Measures H. Consumer Measures I. Overall Budgetary Outlays on Agro-Food Policies Part V. Evaluation of Support to Agriculture A. Aggregate Results B. Exchange Rate Sensitivity C. Composition of Support D. Analysis of Support by Commodity Part VI. Rural Development Policies and EU Accession A. Rural Development Policy in the Pre-Reform Period and in the 1990s B. Definition of Rural Areas C. General Characteristics of Rural Areas D. Rural Development in the Regional Policy Context E. Rural Development and SAPARD Annex Tables to Parts I, II, and IV Statistical Annex: Assistance to Bulgarian Agriculture Supporting Tables: Calculations of PSEs and CSEs Bibliography