OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4: Health Effects Test No. 412: Subacute Inhalation Toxicity: 28-Day Study

This revised Test Guideline 412 (TG 412) has been designed to fully characterize test article toxicityby the inhalation route following repeated exposure for a limited period of time (28 days), and to provide data for quantitative inhalation risk assessments. Groups of at least 5 male and 5 female rodents are exposed 6 hours per day for 28 days to a) the test article at three or more concentration levels, b) filtered air (negative control), and/or c) the vehicle (vehicle control). Animals are generally exposed 5 days per week but exposure for 7 days per week is also allowed. Males and females arealways tested, but they may be exposed at different concentration levels if it is known that one sex ismore susceptible to a given test article. This guideline allows the study director the flexibility toinclude satellite (reversibility) groups, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), neurologic tests, and additionalclinical pathology and histopathological evaluations in order to better characterize the toxicity of a testarticle. Read more...

Hailed as a means to transform cultural norms and change lives, violence prevention programs signal a slow-rolling policy revolution that has reached nearly two-thirds of young people in the United States today. Max A. Greenberg takes us inside the booming market forprogramming and onto the asphalt campuses of Los Angeles where these programs areimplemented, many just one hour a week for 12 weeks. He spotlights how these ephemeral programs, built on troves of risk data, are disconnected from the lived experiences of the young people they were created to support. Going beyond the narrow stories told about at-risk youth through data and in policy, Greenberg sketches a vivid portrait of young men and women coming of age and forming relationships in a world of abidingharm and fleeting, fragmented support.At the same time, Greenberg maps the minefield of historical and structural inequalities that program facilitators must navigate to build meaningful connections with the youth they serve. Taken together, these programs shape the stories and politics of a generation and reveal how social policy can go wrong when it ignores the lives of young people.