Octopus Biology and Ecology: Bio-ecology, Fisheries and Aquaculture

Octopus Biology and Ecology is an all-in-one resource that explains early life history stages, including age and growth maturation, distribution, migration, diet, predators and parasites related to these mollusks. Octopods are becoming a strong source of protein, with information on the species becoming more and more important to fisheries. This reference offers detailed information on the most economically important octopods in the world and addresses the management and future forecasting of octopod fisheries. Special attention is given to octopods in highly variable coastal environments as they constitute a particular challenge. Octopod populations (together with other cephalopod groups) have increased worldwide, suggesting that these commercially relevant mollusks will benefit from the conditions of the oceans of tomorrow (e.g., global warming and decreased competition and predator pressures). This is a complete resource for aquatic scientists, marine biologists, researchers, cephalopod biologists, cephalopod ecologists, fisheries and aquaculture scientists, regulators and students. Front Cover Octopus Biology and Ecology Copyright Contents Contributors Preface References Part I: Introduction Chapter 1: Origin and diversification of octopuses 1. Introduction 2. Diversification of octopuses 3. Morphological trait correlation with radiation 4. Speciation with conserved morphology: The Octopus vulgaris group as a case study References Chapter 2: Global biodiversity and biogeography of coastal octopuses 1. Introduction 2. Octopus biodiversity 3. Coastal octopus biogeography 3.1. Global hotspots of coastal species richness 3.2. Global hotspots of coastal endemism 3.3. Latitudinal patterns of coastal species richness Acknowledgments References Part II: Species accounts Chapter 3: Octopus bimaculatus, California two-spot octopus 1. Introduction 2. Distribution and abundance 2.1. Geographic distribution 2.2. Local distribution 2.3. Habitat and abundance 3. Life history 3.1. Early development 3.2. Growth and lifespan 3.3. Maturation and fecundity 4. Ecology 4.1. Trophic ecology 4.1.1. Prey 4.1.2. Predators 4.1.3. Parasites 4.2. Behavioural ecology 4.2.1. Hunting and defence 4.2.2. Mating 5. Concluding remarks References Chapter 4: Octopus bimaculoides, Lesser two-spotted octopus 1. Distribution and abundance 1.1. Geographic distribution 1.2. Abundance 1.3. Migration patterns 1.4. Fishery 2. Life history 2.1. Early development 2.2. Growth and life span 2.3. Maturation and fecundity 2.4. Aquaculture 3. Ecology 3.1. Trophic ecology 3.1.1. Prey 3.1.2. Predators 3.1.3. Parasites Bacteria Protozoa Dicyemidae 3.2. Behavioral ecology 3.2.1. Hunting and defence 3.2.2. Social 3.2.3. Mating 3.2.4. Body patterning 3.2.5. Temperament and learning 3.3. Other ecological traits 4. Research model 5. Conclusions Acknowledgements References Chapter 5: Octopus cyanea, day octopus 1. Introduction 2. Distribution and abundance 2.1. Geographic and depth distribution 2.2. Abundance 3. Life history 3.1. Growth and life span 3.2. Sexual maturation and fecundity 3.3. Learning, memory and cognition 4. Ecology 4.1. Habitats 4.2. Trophic ecology 4.2.1. Prey 4.2.2. Predators 4.2.3. Parasites 4.3. Behavioural ecology 4.3.1. Foraging and feeding tactics 4.3.2. Primary defenses against predators: Camouflage and mimicry 4.3.3. Mating system 5. Final remarks 5.1. Biological summary 5.2. Key unknowns for future research Acknowledgments References Chapter 6: Octopus insularis, stout reef octopus 1. Distribution and abundance 1.1. Distribution 1.2. Abundance 1.3. Habitat 1.4. Phylogeny, population structure, and gene flow 2. Life history 2.1. Early development 2.2. Growth and life span 2.3. Sexual maturation and reproductive cycle 3. Ecology 3.1. Trophic ecology 3.1.1. Octopus insularis as a predator 3.1.2. Octopus insularis as a prey 3.2. Behavioural ecology 3.2.1. Foraging and defence behaviour 3.2.2. Social interaction 3.2.3. Reproductive behaviour 3.2.4. Body patterns 3.3. Other ecological traits Acknowledgements References Chapter 7: Octopus maya, the Mayan octopus 1. Introduction 2. Distribution and abundance 2.1. Geographic distribution 2.2. Abundance 2.3. Migration patterns 3. Life history 3.1. Early development 3.2. Growth and life span 3.3. Maturation and fecundity 3.4. Nutrition- and health-related factors affecting fecundity 4. Ecology 4.1. Trophic ecology 4.1.1. Prey 4.1.2. Predators 4.1.3. Parasites 4.2. Thermal biology 4.2.1. Embryos 4.2.2. Juveniles 4.2.3. Adults: Health condition and sea temperature 4.2.4. Adults: Reproduction and sea temperature Reproductive performance and the organs controlling it: Transcriptome analysis Males Females Sex-specific differences in transcriptomic profiles 4.3. Integrating the thermal biology of Octopus maya 5. Conclusions References Chapter 8: Octopus mimus, the Changos octopus 1. Introduction 2. Distribution and abundance 2.1. Geographic distribution 2.2. Molecular ecology 2.3. Abundance and catches 3. Life history 3.1. Early development 3.2. Growth, age, and sex ratio 3.3. Maturation, fecundity, and lifespan 4. Ecology 4.1. Trophic ecology 4.2. Predators 4.3. Parasites 5. Knowledge gaps Acknowledgments References Chapter 9: `Octopus minor, long-armed octopus 1. Introduction 2. Distribution and abundance 2.1. Geographic distribution 2.2. Migration patterns 3. Life history 3.1. Early development 3.2. Growth and life span 4. Ecology 4.1. Trophic ecology 4.1.1. Prey 4.1.2. Predators 4.1.3. Parasites 4.1.4. Cannibalism 4.2. Behavioural ecology 4.2.1. Hunting and defence Hunting Prey preference 4.2.2. Mating Paternity 4.2.3. Lair behaviour 5. Conclusions Acknowledgements References Chapter 10: `Octopus tehuelchus, small Patagonian octopus 1. Introduction 1.1. The Argentine artisanal fishery for `Octopus tehuelchus 2. Distribution and abundance 2.1. Geographic distribution 2.2. Abundance 2.2.1. Intertidal abundance and the artisanal fishery 2.2.2. Subtidal abundance 2.3. Migration patterns 3. Life history 3.1. Early development 3.1.1. Eggs 3.1.2. Embryonic development 3.2. Growth and life span 3.3. Maturation and fecundity 4. Ecology 4.1. Trophic ecology 4.1.1. Prey 4.1.2. Predators 4.1.3. Parasites 4.1.4. Human impact and the artisanal fishery 4.2. Behavioural ecology 4.2.1. Hunting and defence 4.2.2. Species interactions 4.2.3. Mating strategy 5. Final remarks 5.1. Limitations and research priorities Acknowledgements References Chapter 11: Octopus tetricus, gloomy octopus 1. Introduction 2. Distribution and abundance 2.1. Geographic distribution 2.2. Abundance and fisheries 2.3. Migrations 3. Life history 3.1. Early development 3.2. Growth and life span 3.3. Maturation and fecundity 4. Ecology 4.1. Trophic ecology 4.2. Behavioural ecology 5. Final remarks References Chapter 12: Octopus djinda, western rock octopus 1. Introduction 2. Distribution and abundance 2.1. Geographic distribution 2.2. Abundance and fisheries 3. Life history 3.1. Early development 3.2. Growth and life span 3.3. Maturation and fecundity 4. Ecology 4.1. Trophic ecology 4.2. Behavioural ecology 5. Final remarks References Chapter 13: Octopus vulgaris, the common octopus 1. Introduction 2. Distribution and abundance 2.1. Geographic distribution and population structure 2.2. Abundance and catches 3. Life history 3.1. Early development 3.2. Growth, age, maturation, and sex-ratio 3.3. Fecundity, spawning, and lifespan 4. Ecology 4.1. Habitat, den ecology, and horizontal migrations 4.2. Environmental effects on recruitment, abundance, and distribution 4.3. Trophic ecology 4.3.1. Diet of paralarvae 4.3.2. Diet of subadult and adults 4.3.3. Predators 4.3.4. Parasites 4.3.5. Other feeding-related aspects (vectors of HABs) 4.4. Behavioural ecology 4.4.1. Defence against predation 4.4.2. Foraging behaviour 4.4.3. Social behaviour 4.4.4. Mating 5. Final remarks Acknowledgements References Chapter 14: Abdopus aculeatus, the prickly octopus 1. Introduction 2. Distribution and abundance 2.1. Geographic distribution 2.2. Abundance 3. Life history 3.1. Early development 3.2. Growth and life span 3.3. Maturation and fecundity 4. Ecology 4.1. Trophic ecology 4.1.1. Prey 4.1.2. Predators 4.1.3. Parasites 4.2. Behavioural ecology 4.2.1. Hunting, foraging, and defence 4.2.2. Social interactions 4.2.3. Mating 4.2.4. Other aspects 4.3. Migration patterns 4.4. Other ecological traits Acknowledgements References Chapter 15: Amphioctopus aegina, the sandbird octopus 1. Introduction 2. Distribution and abundance 3. Life history 3.1. Embryonic development 3.2. Post-hatching and juvenile development 3.3. Growth and maturation 3.4. Fecundity, spawning, and life span 4. Ecology 4.1. Feeding ecology 4.2. Mating 4.3. Fishery ecology 4.4. Predators, diseases, and parasites Acknowledgments References Chapter 16: Amphioctopus fangsiao, two-gold-ring octopus* 1. Introduction 2. Distribution and abundance 2.1. Geographic distribution 2.2. Fishing grounds and seasons 2.3. Migration patterns 3. Life history 3.1. Embryonic development 3.2. Growth and life span 3.3. Maturation and fecundity 4. Ecology 4.1. Trophic ecology 4.1.1. Prey 4.1.2. Predators 4.1.3. Parasites 4.2. Behavioural ecology 4.2.1. Feeding ecology 4.2.2. Mating and spawning behaviour 4.2.3. Sensory behaviour Supplementary material Acknowledgements References Chapter 17: Hapalochlaena lunulata, greater blue-ringed octopus 1. Distribution and abundance 1.1. Geographic distribution 1.2. Abundance 2. Life history 2.1. Early development 2.2. Growth and life span 2.3. Maturation and fecundity 3. Ecology 3.1. Trophic ecology 3.1.1. Prey 3.1.2. Predators 3.1.3. Parasites 3.2. Behavioural ecology 3.2.1. Hunting and defence 3.2.2. Social 3.2.3. Mating 3.3. Chemical ecology References Chapter 18: `Octopus parvus, bean octopus 1. Introduction 2. Distribution and abundance 2.1. Geographic distribution 2.2. Abundance 2.3. Migration patterns 3. Life history 3.1. Early development 3.1.1. Eggs 3.1.2. Embryonic development 3.2. Growth and life span 3.3. Maturation and fecundity 4. Ecology 4.1. Trophic ecology 4.1.1. Prey 4.1.2. Predators 4.1.3. Parasites 4.2. Behavioural ecology 4.2.1. Hunting and defence 4.2.2. Social 4.2.3. Mating Conditions for observation of mating Behaviour and displays before and during mating Duration and style of copulation Evidence for monogamy or polygamy Acknowledgements References Chapter 19: Eledone cirrhosa, horned octopus 1. Introduction to studies on Eledone cirrhosa 2. Distribution, habitat, migrations, and abundance 2.1. Distribution 2.2. Habitat 2.3. Migrations 2.4. Abundance 3. Life history 3.1. Eggs and early life stages 3.2. Body size, growth, and maturation 3.3. Reproduction 3.4. Lifespan 3.5. Sex ratio 3.6. Physiology, immunology, and health 4. Ecology 4.1. Prey and feeding 4.2. Predators 4.3. Fisheries and human consumption 4.4. Parasites 4.5. Contaminants 4.6. Behavioural ecology 5. Future research Acknowledgements References Chapter 20: Graneledone pacifica, Pacific warty octopus 1. Introduction 2. Distribution and abundance 3. Life history 4. Ecology 4.1. Trophic ecology 4.2. Behavioural ecology 5. Concluding remarks Acknowledgments References Chapter 21: Enteroctopus dofleini, Giant Pacific octopus 1. Introduction 2. Distribution and abundance 2.1. Distribution 2.2. Abundance 2.2.1. Japan 2.2.2. South Korea 2.2.3. North America Alaska British Columbia 3. Life history 3.1. Early development 3.1.1. Eggs 3.1.2. Hatchlings 3.1.3. Paralarvae 3.2. Growth and life span 3.3. Maturation and fecundity 3.3.1. Japan Males Females 3.3.2. Northeast Pacific 3.3.3. South Korea 4. Ecology 4.1. Trophic ecology 4.1.1. Prey Northeast Pacific Japan 4.1.2. Predators Northeast Pacific Japan 4.1.3. Parasites Protozoa Aggregata spp. Sarcomastigophora Metazoa Dicyemids Annelids Nematodes Crustaceans Cnidarians 4.2. Behavioural ecology 4.2.1. Migration Japan Northeast Pacific Russia 4.2.2. Foraging 4.2.3. Reproduction Mating season Mating behaviour Spawning and brooding 4.2.4. Social 4.2.5. Defence 4.2.6. Other aspects 5. Future directions Appendix A Appendix B Acknowledgements References Chapter 22: Enteroctopus megalocyathus, Patagonian red octopus 1. Introduction 2. Distribution and abundance 2.1. Geographic distribution 2.2. Genetic diversity 2.3. Abundance 3. Life history 3.1. Early development 3.1.1. Egg stages 3.1.2. Paralarve and early juvenile stages 3.2. Reproductive biology 3.2.1. Maturation 3.2.2. Reproductive output 3.2.3. Mating behaviour 3.2.4. Reproductive cycle 3.3. Cohort population structure and recruitment 3.4. Life span 4. Ecology 4.1. Trophic ecology 4.1.1. Diet 4.1.2. Predators 4.1.3. Parasites 5. Final remarks Acknowledgements References Part III: Conclusions Chapter 23: Past, present, and future trends in octopus research 1. Introduction 2. Past and present trends 2.1. Framework of analysis 2.2. Research efforts across time 2.3. Research efforts across space and species 2.4. Research effort across topics 3. Future perspectives 3.1. Behaviour and cognition 3.2. Motor control and locomotion 3.3. Biorobotics and bioinspired research 3.4. Fisheries sustainability and traceability 3.5. Octopus systematics, taxonomy, and phylogenetics 3.6. Diversity, life history, and ecology 3.6.1. iEcology and citizen science 3.6.2. Diversity, biogeography, and deep sea 3.6.3. Population dynamics and dispersal mechanisms 3.6.4. Feeding ecology 3.6.5. Harmful algal blooms 3.6.6. Pathogens, diseases, and immune responses 3.6.7. Senescence 3.7. Climate change 3.8. Culture and welfare 4. Closing remarks Acknowledgements References Index Back Cover