Oceanographic instrumentation (United States Naval Institute series in oceanography)

Cover Title Copyright Contents Preface 1 Introduction 101. What is an Oceanographic Instrument? 102. Instrument Design Criteria 103. Instrument Development 104. Instrument Systems 2 Accuracy 201. Environmental Complications 202. Statistical Parameters 203. Error 204. Time Constant 205. Other Instrument Parameters 3 Depth Determination 301. Methods of Depth Determination 302. Pressure 303. Pressure Sensors 304. Signal Conditioners 305. Pressure-Sensor Problems 306. State of the Art 4. Temperature Measurement 401. What is Temperature? 402. Temperature Scales and Standards 403. Oceanic Temperatures 404. Adiabatic Heating 405. Accuracies Required 406. Thermometers 407. Pyrometers 408. State of the Art 5. Salinity Determination 501. What is Salinity? 502. Salinity-Density Relationships 503. Salinity Distribution 504. Laboratory Determination 505. Conductivity Salinometers 506. Sound Speed in Measuring Salinity 507. Salinity at a Distance 508. State of the Art 6 Measurement of Fluid Motion 601. Motion-Producing Forces 602. The Equation of Motion 603. Simplified Motion Equations 604. Tidal Currents 605. Current Magnitudes 606. Vertical Motion 607. Gyre, or Eddy, Size 608. Measuring Practices 609. Indirect Methods 610. Lagrangian Direct Methods 611. Eulerian Direct Methods 612. Signal Conditioners 613. Static Current Meters 614. Turbulence Measurement 615. Satellite Detection of Currents 616. Current Units 617. Direction Determination 618. Vector Averaging 619. State of the Art 7 Light-Associated Measurements 701. Light Losses 702. Absorption and Scattering 703. Irradiance and Beam Transmittance 704. The Cosine Collector 705. The Gershun Tube 706. Wavelength Specification 707. The Immersion Effect 708. Relative Irradiance 709. Beam Transmittance 710. Irradiance -Measuring Devices 711. Beam-Transmittance Meters 712. The Secchi Disc 713. Scattering Measurement 714. Measuring Bioluminescence 715. Integrating Devices 716. Light as a Tool 717. State of the Art 8 Sound Measurements 801. Sound Energy 802. Absorption 803. Scattering 804. Spreading 805. Refraction 806. Time-Dependent Losses 807. Acoustic Holography 808. Ambient Noise 809. Geophysical Sound Sources 810. Acoustic Transducers 811. Transducer Calibration 812. Propagation Loss 813. Self Noise 814. Sound-Speed Measurement 815. State of the Art 9 Chemical Measurements 901. Use of Chemical Measurements 902. Dissolved Oxygen Distribution 903. Oxygen Electrodes 904. pH Distribution 905. Indicator Methods for pH Determination 906. Electrode Methods for pH Determination 907. State of the Art 10 Measurement of Waves and Tides 1001. Classical Results 1002. Deep-Water and Shallow-Water Waves 1003. Sea and Swell 1004. Wave Spectra 1005. Wave Measurements 1006. Long Waves 1007. Internal Waves 1008. Measuring Internal Waves 1009. Pressure-Sensor Wave Meters 1010. Other Wave Meters 1011. Tide Gages 1012. Measuring Waves from Satellites 1013. State of the Art 11 Geophysical Measurements 1101. Gravity and Magnetic Measurements 1102. Acceleration of Gravity 1103. Gravity-Measuring Methods 1104. Earth's Magnetic Field 1105. Measuring Magnetic Anomalies 1106. State of the Art 12 Instrument Platforms 1201. Fixed and Moveable Platforms 1202. The Ideal Platform 1203. Buoys 1204. Surface Ships 1205. Submersibles 1206. Scuba 1207. Satellites 1208. Aircraft 1209. State of the Art 13 Data Transmission and Analysis 1301. Data Transmission 1302. Cable Links 1303. Acoustic Links 1304. Radio Links 1305. Laser Links 1306. Analysis Considerations 1307. Reliability 1308. Look Out the WIndow 1309. State of the Art Appendix A: Electricity Review Appendix B: Chlorinity Determined from Temperature and Conductivity Index