Nutritional Oncology : Nutrition in Cancer Prevention, Treatment, and Survivorship

Nutritional Oncology: Nutrition in Cancer Prevention, Treatment, and Survivorship presents evidence-based approaches to the study and application of nutrition in all phases of cancer including prevention, treatment, and survivorship. There is a long history of interest in the role of nutrition in cancer but only in the last 50 years has this interdisciplinary field developed scientific evidence from a combination of population studies, basic research, and clinical studies. Precision oncology, targeted therapies and immunonutrition have led to advances in cancer treatment and prevention. Highlighting insights from Precision Oncology and Precision Nutrition to improve cancer prevention, treatment and survival is the core mission of this book. The editors have over 40 years of clinical and research experience integrating science with practical advice based on available evidence for healthcare professionals while highlighting research vistas for the scientific community. Features: Comprehensive treatment of all aspects of nutrition and cancer, including prevention, response to treatment, avoidance of relapse and promotion of quality of life for cancer survivors. Examines alternative medicines and botanical dietary supplements and identifies hypotheses for future research based on science. This book is written for doctors, dietitians, and other health care professional advising cancer patients, cancer survivors and the general public. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface Foreword Editors Contributors Chapter 1 Historical Evolution of the Role of Nutrition in Cancer Introduction Cancer Malnutrition Vitamins and Cancer Cancer Causation Chemical Carcinogenesis Nutrition and Cancer Diet and Nutrition Nutrigenomics Precision Oncology Conclusion References Chapter 2 Cancer Metabolism and Nutrition Introduction Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cancer The Role of Stem Cells and Cancer Progenitor Cells Metabolic Changes Favoring Growth in Cancer Cells Tumor–Host Metabolic Interaction Cancer Cell Gene Regulation and Tumor Cell Metabolism Tumor Cell Metabolism and Metastasis Conclusion References Chapter 3 Precision Oncology and Nutrition Introduction Precision Oncology Monoclonal Antibodies Antibody-Drug Conjugates Selective Tyrosine Kinase and Small Molecule Inhibitors Cyclin-Dependent Kinases Immunotherapy Molecular Radiotherapy Adoptive Cell Therapies The Microbiome Glucose Restriction Amino Acid Deprivation Conclusion References Chapter 4 Phytonutrients and Cancer Introduction Phytonutrients Polyphenols Flavonoids Anthocyanins Flavanols (Catechins) Isoflavonoids Flavonols Flavanones Phenolic Acids Ellagitannins Stilbenes Lignans Organosulfurs Carotenoids Amides Phytosterols Curcumin Conclusion References Chapter 5 Nutrition and Immune Function Introduction Nutrient–Immune System Interactions Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin D Zinc Copper Iron Tryptophan Fiber Fatty Acids Nutrition and Immune-Mediated Diseases Asthma Food Allergy Atopic Dermatitis Inflammatory Bowel Disease Multiple Sclerosis Immunonutrition in Cancer Prevention and Treatment Conclusion References Chapter 6 Personalized Nutrition and Cancer Introduction Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenomics Choline Obesity Insulin Resistance Implementation Protein Amino Acids Carbohydrates Fiber Fats and Oils Personalization Supplements Vitamins Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B1 Vitamin B2 Vitamin B6 Folic Acid Vitamin B12 Choline Vitamin B5 Biotin Conclusion References Chapter 7 Epidemiology of Nutrition, Diet, and Cancer Risk Introduction The Tobacco Model Bradford Hill Criteria Diet and Cancer Carotenoids Obesity Vitamin D Calcium Fiber Cruciferous Veggies Folate Selenium Green Tea Conclusion References Chapter 8 Oxidant Stress and Carcinogenesis Introduction Source of Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress Antioxidants Pro-oxidants Role of ROS in Redox Signaling ROS Are Part of Metabolic Phenotype of Cancer Cells Oxidative Stress and Redox Balance in Carcinogenesis Obesity, Oxidative Stress, and Cancer Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Diets and Cancer Vitamin E Carotenoids Vitamin C Flavonoids Glutathione and Glutathione Reactive Units in Food Conclusion References Chapter 9 Nutrition, Angiogenesis, and Cancer Introduction Nutrients and Angiogenesis Angiogenesis and Carcinogenesis Drug Targets and Angiogenic Factors Vascular Endothelial Cells and Neovascularization Nutritional Inhibition of Angiogenesis Soy and Isoflavones Teas and Catechins Tomatoes and Carotenoids Pomegranate, Strawberries, Walnuts, Pecans, and Ellagic Acid Berries and Anthocyanins Red Wine and Resveratrol Beer Hops and Xanthohumol Cruciferous Vegetables and Glucosinolates Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acid Balance from Foods and Supplements Leafy Green Vegetables and Vitamins K1 and K2 Angiogenesis Prevention Adjunctive Treatment with Antiangiogenic Foods Prevention of Relapse Microbiota, Diet, and Angiogenesis Fermented Foods and Angiogenesis Berry Polyphenols Citrus Fruits Conclusion and Future Directions References Chapter 10 Cholesterol and Prostate Cancer Introduction Cholesterol Synthesis and Regulation in Normal Cells How Cells Acquire Cholesterol Dietary Origin of Cholesterol De novo Cholesterol Synthesis Regulation of De Novo Cholesterol Synthesis Cholesterol Feedback Regulation Transcriptional Master Regulators of Cholesterol Production Linking Cholesterol Accumulation to PC Progression Cell Proliferation Steroidogenesis Lipid Raft Signaling Cholesterol Lowering Drugs in PC Prevention Role of Cholesterol in the Changing Landscape of PC Progression Concluding Remarks References Chapter 11 The Microbiome and Cancer Introduction The Microbiome Germ-Free Mice Cancer Treatment Diet Fecal Microbiota Transplant Conclusion References Chapter 12 Exercise, Energy Balance, Body Composition, and Cancer Risk Introduction Physiologic Changes Resulting from Exercise Exercise and Adipose Tissue Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Skeletal Muscle and Glucose Regulation Skeletal Muscle and Lipid Metabolism Energy Balance Exercise and Weight Maintenance Exercise and Cancer Risk Breast Cancer Colon Cancer Endometrial Cancer Other Cancer Sites (Lung, Kidney, Prostate, Pancreatic) References Chapter 13 Nutrition, Hormones, Cancer Risk, and Progression Obesity and Cancer Estrogens Aromatase Metabolic Syndrome Insulin and IGF-1 Androgens Dietary Fiber Microbiome GI Hormones Conclusion References Chapter 14 Nutrition Support for Cancer Patients throughout the Continuum of Care Abbreviations Nutritional Needs of Patients with Cancer The Role of Muscle in Patients with Cancer Nutrition Support for Patients with Cancer Screening, Assessment, and Diagnosis of Malnutrition in Patients with Cancer Guidelines for Implementing Nutrition Support for Patients with Cancer Methods of Nutrition Support for Patients with Cancer Nutrition Consideration in the Management of Cancer Cachexia Nutrition Challenges for Patients with Cancer Cachexia Clinical Effects of Omega-3 Enriched ONS for Cancer Cachexia Clinical Trials of Omega-3 Enriched ONS for Cancer Cachexia Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Omega-3 Enriched ONS for Cancer Cachexia Expert Recommendations and Guidelines on Omega-3 Enriched ONS for Cancer Cachexia Other Nutrients/Ingredients to Inhibit Muscle Protein Degradation Perioperative Nutrition Needs and the Impact of Malnutrition on the Surgical Oncology Patient Prevalence of Malnutrition in the Surgical Oncology Patient Impact of Malnutrition on the Surgical Patient and Effect of Sarcopenia on Surgical Outcomes Preoperative Malnutrition Screening and Assessment in Surgical Oncology Monitoring and Evaluation: Nutrition Challenges of the GI Surgical Patient Perioperative Nutrition Care of the Surgical Oncology Patient Preoperative Carbohydrate Loading for Surgical Oncology Immunonutrition for Surgical Oncology Postoperative Nutrition Care for Surgical Oncology Implementing Perioperative Protocols in Surgical Oncology Transitions of Care and Long-Term Nutrition Support of the Surgical Oncology Patient Postdischarge Dietitian Counseling Oral Nutrition Supplements Diligent Postdischarge Malnutrition Surveillance Oncology Nutrition Economics and Quality Improvement Programs Opportunities in Value-Based Care and Nutrition-Focused Quality Improvement Programs for Cancer Patients Nutrition-Focused QIP in the Hospital Setting Nutrition-Focused QIP in the Postacute Setting Nutrition-Focused QIP in the Outpatient Setting Oncology Nutrition Care Alignment with Patient-Centered Care Developments in Telehealth and Oncology Nutrition Conclusions and Future Directions of Oncology Nutrition Support Acknowledgments References Chapter 15 Malnutrition and Cancer Cachexia Introduction Cytokines Muscle Wasting Lipid Mobilization Anorexia Taste and Smell Prevalence Lung Cancer Head and Neck Cancer Pancreatic Cancer Gastric Cancer Colorectal Cancer Liver Cancer Prostate Cancer Conclusion References Chapter 16 Nutrition and Chemotherapy in the Epidemic of Obesity Introduction Epidemiology and Prognosis of Cancer in the Face of Obesity Cancer Incidence Effects of Obesity Effects of Diet Effects of Weight Loss Cancer Outcome Potential Mechanisms Linking Obesity to Cancer Outcome Genetics, Ethnicity, and Race Socioeconomic Status Behavior Pharmacokinetics Inflammation Hormones Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Insulin Leptin Adiponectin Osteopontin Estrogen Metabolic Fuels Microbiome Specific Cancers Related to Underlying Obesity-Related Conditions Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Barrett’s Esophagus Pancreatitis Weight Changes during Cancer Treatment Diet Interventions Fasting Calorie Restriction Ketogenic Diet Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Fish Oil Supplementation Animal Protein Restriction Possible Mechanisms of Improved Efficacy with Diet Interventions Which Is the Best Diet? Summary/Conclusions References Chapter 17 Integrative Oncology and Nutrition Introduction Integrative Oncology Botanical Dietary Supplements Curcumin Green Tea Ginger Reishi mushroom Communicating Mind–Body Practice Acupuncture Massage Conclusion References Chapter 18 Susceptibility to Common Age-Related Chronic Diseases Introduction Obesity Anxiety and Depression Second Primary Cancers Cardiovascular Disease Diabetes Osteoporosis Addressing the Behavioral and Nutritional Concerns of the Cancer Survivor Conclusion References Chapter 19 Nutritional Advice and Dietary Supplements for the Cancer Survivor Introduction Post-Treatment Transition Nutrition in the Cancer Survivor Specific Nutrients and Food Compounds Alcohol Use in Survivors Dietary Pattern Dietary Supplements Vitamins and Minerals Vitamin D Vitamin E Beta-Carotene Vitamin C Summary and Future Directions References Chapter 20 Lifestyle Changes and Behavioral Approaches for the Cancer Survivor Healthier Lifestyle Choices Improve Recurrence-Free Survival and Quality of Life Cancer Survivors Are Motivated to Make Lifestyle Changes That Optimize Their Quality of Life Tobacco Use Confounder Needs to Be Taken into Account in Order to Optimize the Quality of Life Benefits of Healthy Eating and Regular Physical Activity Physical Activity Influence on Eating Behavior and Digestion Adherence to a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern or Similar Dietary Patterns is Associated with Increased Quality of Life Health Orientation, Clarity of Health Change Goal, and Health Locus of Control For Long-Term Maintenance of Desired Health Behaviors, Community Support is Key Common Behavioral Approaches to Motivating Changes in Food Choice Behaviors and Maintaining Them Prevention and Treatment of Obesity as a Primary Goal for Healthy Cancer Survivorship Selected Behavior Change Theories Chosen for Their Frequency of Invocation in Publications Social Cognitive Theory Highlights Motivational Interviewing Transtheoretical Model of Change (aka Stages of Change Model) Highlights TPB Highlights Self-Determination Theory Highlights Social Ecological Model highlights Evaluating Behavior Change Techniques Regardless of Behavior Change Theory Behavior Change Research, Stratified by Cancer Site Behavior Change Research Specific to Breast Cancer Survivorship Focus on Dietary Change Approach to Increasing Recurrence-Free Survival and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors Focus on Physical Activity Change Approach to Increasing Recurrence-Free Survival and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors Behavior Change Research Specific to Colorectal Cancer Survivorship Behavior Change Research Specific to Lung Cancer Survivorship Behavior Change Research Specific to Prostate Cancer Survivorship Behavior Change Research Specific to Melanoma Cancer Survivorship Behavior Change Research Specific to Head and Neck Cancer Survivorship Behavior Change Research Specific to Surviving Diagnoses Involving Multiple Cancer Sites Online Behavior Change Programs for Cancer Survivors Structural Barriers to Healthcare Providers Promoting Healthier Behaviors to Cancer Survivors Summary Recommendations to Accelerate Progress in Optimizing Cancer Survivor Quality of Life through Motivating Them to Engage in Healthful Lifestyle Change References Chapter 21 Environmental Factors in Cancer Risk Introduction Environmental Factors and Genetic Alterations Environmental Factors and Epigenetic Alterations Environmental Factors and Protein Homeostasis Environmental Factors and Stem Cells Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Cancer Risk Air Pollution and Cancer Risk Opportunities for Cancer Prevention Conclusions References Chapter 22 Minority Health Disparities in Nutrition and Cancer Introduction Organizational Framework Nutrition Obesity Oxidative Stress Genomics Cancer Incidence Health Workers Conclusion References Chapter 23 The Critical Questions on Nutrition and Cancer That Remain Introduction Obesity and Inflammation Nutrition and Immunotherapy Cachexia Cancer Metabolism and Autophagy Epigenetics Angiogenesis Botanicals Big Data Public Policy Conclusion References Index Historical Evolution of the Role of Nutrition in Cancer / David Heber; Vay Liang, W. Go -- Cancer Metabolism and Nutrition / David Heber -- Precision Oncology and Nutrition / John Glaspy, Sidharth Anand, and David Heber -- Phytonutrients and Cancer / Navindra Seeram; David Heber -- Nutrition and Immune Function / Emily Truong, Berkeley Limkatkai -- Personalized Nutrition and Cancer / Zhaoping Li, David Heber -- Epidemiology of Nutrition, Diet, and Cancer Risk / David Heber, Zuo-Feng Zhang, Qing-Yi Lu -- Oxidant Stress and Carcinogenesis / Susanne Henning -- Nutrition, Angiogenesis, and Cancer / William W Li -- Cholesterol and Prostate Cancer / Smrruthi Venugopal, Michael Freeman, Stephen F. Freedland, Shafiq A. Khan -- The Microbiome and Cancer / David Heber and Zhaoping Li -- Exercise, Energy Balance, Body Composition, and Cancer Risk / Catherine Carpenter -- Nutrition, Hormones, and Cancer Risk and Progression / David Heber, Zhaoping Li -- Nutrition support for cancer patients throughout the continuum of care / Refaat Hegazi, Katie N. Robinson, Bridget Cassady, Sara Thomas, Mohamed El-Gamal, David G.A.Williams, Michael D. Bastasch -- Malnutrition and Cancer Cachexia / David Heber, Zhaoping Li, Vijaya -- Surampudi -- Nutrition and Chemotherapy in the Epidemic of Obesity / Rebecca L. Paszkiewicz, Steven Mittelman -- Integrative Oncology and Nutrition / David Heber and Zhaoping Li -- Susceptibility to Common Age-Related Chronic Diseases / Lauren Lemieux, Zhaoping Li -- Nutritional Advice and Dietary Supplements for the Cancer Survivor / Michael Garcia, David Heber -- Lifestyle Changes and Behavioral Approaches for the Cancer Survivors / William J. McCarthy and Catherine Carpenter -- Environmental Factors in Cancer Risk / Gail Prins, LishiXIe -- Minority Health Disparities in Nutrition and Cancer / Keith Norris, Bettina Beech, David Heber -- The Critical Questions in Nutrition and Cancer that Remain / David Heber, Zhaoping Li **__Nutritional Oncology: Nutrition in Cancer Prevention, Treatment, and Survivorship__** presents evidence-based approaches to the study and application of nutrition in all phases of cancer including prevention, treatment, and survivorship. There is a long history of interest in the role of nutrition in cancer but only in the last 50 years has this interdisciplinary field developed scientific evidence from a combination of population studies, basic research, and clinical studies. Precision oncology, targeted therapies and immunonutrition have led to advances in cancer treatment and prevention. Highlighting insights from Precision Oncology and Precision Nutrition to improve cancer prevention, treatment and survival is the core mission of this book. The editors have over 40 years of clinical and research experience integrating science with practical advice based on available evidence for healthcare professionals while highlighting research vistas for the scientific community. Features: * Comprehensive treatment of all aspects of nutrition and cancer, including prevention, response to treatment, avoidance of relapse and promotion of quality of life for cancer survivors. * Examines alternative medicines and botanical dietary supplements and identifies hypotheses for future research based on science.