Nutritional biochemistry : from the classroom to the research bench

Nutritional Biochemistry: From the Classroom to the Research Bench aims to provide students and readers with a detailed, simplified, and comprehensive account of the relationship between nutrition and metabolism. A key feature of this textbook is a comparative approach on the subject of nutritional biochemistry which helps to explain the differences in metabolism, nutrient requirement, and sometimes in the molecular pathways between mammalian and non-mammalian species. Chapters give an overview of the need of food and water (chapter 1), before describing the cell and organ system components (chapter 2). The textbook then focuses on the regulation of food intake from the factors influencing appetite to the central and peripheral underlying mechanisms (chapters 3-5). Water intake and regulation in the body are covered (chapter 6), along with key topics of protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism (chapters 7, 8, and 9), including their digestion, absorption, transport, utilization, synthesis, degradation, and molecular regulation. A brief summary concludes the book (Chapter 10). This book serves as a textbook for students and faculty in beginner courses in biochemistry and nutrition and is designed to give learners a comprehensive understanding of the topic to help them when considering a career in research. Cover Title Copyright End User License Agreement Contents Preface CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Introduction Setting the Stage: The Need of Water and Food INTRODUCTION 1.1. Nutrients 1.1.1. Macronutrients 1.1.2. Micronutrients 1.1.3. Water 1.2. Units of Energy CONCLUSION NOTES REFERENCES The Cell: The Basic Functional Unit of Life INTRODUCTION 2.1. From the Cell to the Body 2.1.1. Organ Systems 2.1.2. Tissues 2.1.3. Cells CONCLUSION REFERENCES Food Intake Regulation: Factors Influencing Food Intake INTRODUCTION 3.1. Regulation of Feed Intake 3.1.1. Factors that Influence the Choice of Food CONCLUSION NOTES REFERENCES Regulation of Food Intake: Central Mechanisms INTRODUCTION 4.1. Classical Central Effector Pathways 4.1.1. NPY/AgRP and POMC/CART Neuropeptides 4.1.2. Melanocortin System 4.1.3. Melanin-concentrating Hormone (MCH) 4.1.4. Orexins/hypocretins 4.1.5. Galanin 4.1.6. Galanin-like Peptide (GALP) 4.1.7. Cerebellin 1 4.1.8. Glucagon-like Peptide 4.1.9. Corticotropin-releasing Factor (CRF) 4.1.10. Neurotensin 4.1.11. Nesfatin 1 4.1.12. FMR Famides 4.2. New Central Molecular Pathways 4.2.1. Neurosecretory Protein GL and GM (NPGL and NPGM) 4.2.2. AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) Pathway 4.2.3. Hypothalamic Fatty Acids 4.2.4. Hypothalamic Glucose 4.2.5. Hypothalamic Proteins and Amino Acids 4.2.6. Non-coding RNAs 4.2.7. Autophagy 4.2.8. Hypothalamic Mitochondrial Mitofusin 2 CONCLUSION NOTES REFERENCES Regulation of Food Intake: Peripheral Mechanisms INTRODUCTION 5.1. Short-term Regulation of Food Intake 5.1.1. Ghrelin 5.1.2. CCK 5.1.3. Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) 5.1.4. Oxyntomodulin (OXM) 5.1.5. Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP) 5.1.6. Peptide YY (PYY) 5.1.7. Amylin 5.1.8. Enterostatin 5.1.9. Apolipoprotein A-IV (ApoA-IV) 5.2. Long-term Regulation of Food Intake 5.2.1. Leptin 5.2.2. Insulin 5.2.3. Adiponectin 5.2.4. Visfatin 5.2.5. Downstream Signaling Pathways and Feeding 5.3. Hedonic (Non Homeostatic) Regulation of Food Intake CONCLUSION NOTES REFERENCES Body Fluid Homeostasis and Water Intake Regulation INTRODUCTION 6.1. Organs Involved in Osmoregulation 6.2. Water and Sodium Taste 6.3. Central Sensing Mechanisms for Internal Water Homeostasis and Thirst Regulation 6.3.1. Neurochemical Circuits 6.4. Peripheral Osmoreceptors 6.5. Molecular Basis of Body Fluid Regulation 6.5.1. Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid (TRPV) Channels 6.5.2. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) 6.5.3. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) 6.5.4. Oxytocin 6.5.5. Secretin 6.5.6. Serotonin 6.5.7. Aquaporins (AQPs) 6.5.8. Other Regulators of Water Fluid Homeostasis 6.5.9. Non-coding RNAs 6.6. Interaction Between Hunger- and Thirst-motivational Drives CONCLUSION NOTES REFERENCES Proteins, Amino Acids, and Nitrogen Metabolism INTRODUCTION 7.1. Protein and Amino Acid Structure 7.2. Classification of Amino Acids 7.3. Protein Digestion and Absorption 7.4. Protein Synthesis 7.4.1. Importance of Balanced Dietary Amino Acids 7.4.2. Mechanism of Protein Synthesis 7.5. Protein Degradation and Turnover 7.5.1. The Ubiquitin-proteasome System 7.5.2. The Autophagy Machinery CONCLUSION NOTES REFERENCES Carbohydrate Metabolism INTRODUCTION 8.1. Types and Characteristics of Carbohydrates 8.1.1. Monosaccharides 8.1.2. Di- and Polysaccharides 8.2. Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates 8.3. Carbohydrate Metabolisms 8.3.1. Carbohydrate Uptake 8.3.2. Fate of Intracellular Glucose and Major Metabolic Pathways CONCLUSION NOTES REFERENCES Lipid Metabolism INTRODUCTION 9.1. Classification of Lipids 9.1.1. Fatty Acids 9.1.2. Essential Fatty Acids 9.1.3. Triglycerides 9.1.4. Phospholipids 9.1.5. Cholesterols and Steroids 9.2. Digestion and Absorption of Lipids 9.3. Lipoprotein Metabolism 9.3.1. VLDL Metabolism 9.3.2. LDL Metabolism 9.3.3. HDL Metabolism 9.3.4. Cholesterol Metabolism and Reverse Cholesterol Transport 9.4. Fatty Acid Synthesis 9.5. Fatty Acid Degradation (Lipolysis) 9.6. Fatty Acid Oxidation 9.7. Ketogenesis and Ketone Body Metabolism CONCLUSION NOTES REFERENCES Summary Subject Index Back Cover