Nutritional Assessment of Athletes (NUTRITION IN EXERCISE AND SPORT)

Nutritional assessment is a key to determining the health and performance efficiency of professional, collegiate, and recreational athletes. Expanded to include new chapters, the second edition of Nutritional Assessment of Athletes examines the dietary, nutritional, and physical needs of athletes and describes critical biochemical and clinical assessment factors.Reflecting growing evidence on the importance of hydration and fluid replacement on physical performance, this edition includes a new chapter on this topic, as well as a new chapter on nutrigenomics and the molecular aspects of physical performance and nutritional assessment. The book gives detailed descriptions of the methods utilized in collecting assessment data and discusses the advantages and limitations of each method. It also summarizes evidence-based practical information relating to nutritional assessment of athletes.This volume is a valuable resource for nutritionists, dietitians, exercise scientists, coaches, trainers, and physicians, as well as athletes who wish to improve their performance. Cover Page......Page 1 Title: Nutritional Assessment of Athletes: SECOND EDITION......Page 3 ISBN 9781439818213......Page 4 Dedication......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 8 The Editors......Page 9 Contributors......Page 11 Section I Dietary Assessment of Athletes......Page 14 Contents......Page 16 1.2 Methods of Assessing Food Intake......Page 17 1.2.2 Twenty-Four Hour Dietary Recall......Page 18 1.2.4 Issues with Nutrition Assessment......Page 19 Ta ble 1.1 Comparison of Dietary Assessment Methods......Page 20 1.2.4.2 Snacking......Page 21 1.2.4.5 Dietary Assessment vs. Clinical Testing......Page 22 Ta ble 1.2 Average Number of Days for Dietary Intake Assessment to Accurately Determine Nutrient Status in Men and Women......Page 23 1.2.6 Dietary Assessment Abroad......Page 24 1.3.1 Periodization of Training and Dietary Periodization......Page 26 1.3.2 Fluid Intake......Page 29 1.3.3 Vegetarian Diets and Assessment......Page 33 1.3.4 Gastrointestinal Issues and Assessment......Page 34 1.3.5 Supplements......Page 36 1.3.6.2 Dining Out and Eating on the Road......Page 38 1.3.7 W eight Management......Page 39 1.4.1 Internet Web Sites......Page 43 1.4.2 Special Considerations When Choosing Software......Page 45 1.4.3 Databases......Page 48 1.4.4.1 New Foods......Page 50 1.4.4.3 Ethnic Foods......Page 51 1.4.5.1 Sports Drinks......Page 52 1.4.5.4 Fluid Hydration Status......Page 54 1.5 Conclusions......Page 55 References......Page 57 Ta ble 1.3 Periodization of Diverse Sports......Page 28 Ta ble 1.4 Guidelines to Choose Dietary Software......Page 49 Ta ble 1.5 Carbohydrate- Electrolytes Beverages versus Water......Page 53 Ta ble 1.6 Supplements: Their Safety and Effectiveness......Page 56 2.1 Introduction......Page 64 2.3 Dietary Guidelines......Page 65 2.4 Dietary Reference Intakes......Page 67 2.5 Approaches to Assessing Dietary Adequacy......Page 68 2.6.1 Energy Intake......Page 71 2.6.2 Carbohydr ates......Page 72 2.6.4 Fat......Page 75 2.6.5 Micronutrients......Page 76 2.6.6 Fluid......Page 78 References......Page 79 Section II Anthropometric Assessment of Athletes......Page 84 3.1 Introduction......Page 86 3.2 Hydrodensitometry......Page 87 3.3 Total Body Water......Page 90 3.4 Dual Energy X- Ray Absorptiometry......Page 92 3.5 Air Displacement Plethysmography......Page 94 3.6 Bioelectrical Impedance......Page 95 3.7 Surface Anthropometry......Page 97 3.8 Specified Landmarks for the Assessment of Skinfolds*......Page 101 Acromiale......Page 102 Mid- Acromiale– Radiale......Page 103 Triceps Skinfold Site......Page 104 Subscapulare......Page 105 Iliocristale......Page 107 Iliospinale......Page 108 Supraspinale Skinfold Site......Page 110 Medial Calf Skinfold Site......Page 111 Front Thigh Skinfold Site......Page 112 Subscapular......Page 113 Front Thigh......Page 114 3.9 Ultrasound......Page 115 3.10 Three- and Four- Compartment Models......Page 116 3.11.1 Computed Tomography......Page 117 3.11.2 Magnetic Resonance......Page 118 3.11.3 Three-Dimensional Photonic Scanning......Page 119 3.12 Practical Recommendations......Page 120 3.14 Conclusions......Page 121 References......Page 122 4.1 Introduction......Page 134 4.2.2.1 Muscle Characteristics......Page 136 4.2.2.2 Neural Activation......Page 138 4.2.2.3 Hormonal Factors......Page 139 4.3.2.1 Muscle Mass......Page 140 4.3.2 Factors Influencing Anaerobic Performance......Page 143 4.3.2.2 Bioenergetics and Energy Metabolism......Page 144 4.4.2 Factors Influencing Endurance Development......Page 146 4.4.2.1 VO2max......Page 147 4.4.2.2 Lactate Threshold......Page 150 4.4.2.4 Muscle Mass......Page 151 References......Page 152 Ta ble 4.1 Muscle Strength for Females and Males as Reported in Gender Comparison Studies for Different Muscle Groups......Page 137 Ta ble 4.2 Physiological Comparisons between Elite Men and Women Marathon Runners for Indices of VO2max......Page 148 Section III Physical Activity Needs Assessment of Athletes......Page 162 5.1 Introduction......Page 164 5.2.1 Direct Calorimetry......Page 166 5.2.2 Indirect Calorimetry......Page 167 5.2.3 Doubly-Labeled Water......Page 171 5.2.4 Indirect Methods of Estimating Energy Expend......Page 172 5.3 Energy for Work and Sport......Page 174 5.4.1 Aerobic Power or VO2max......Page 176 5.4.2 Anaerobic Thr eshold......Page 179 5.4.3 Economy of Movement......Page 181 5.5 Resting Energy Expenditure......Page 182 5.5.2 Estimating Resting Energy Expenditure......Page 183 5.5.3 Factors Influencing Resting Energy Expenditure......Page 184 5.7 Future Research Concerns......Page 188 5.8 Conclusions......Page 189 References......Page 190 6.1 Introduction......Page 196 6.2 Definitions......Page 198 6.3.1.1 T he Doubly- Labeled Water ( DL W) Technique......Page 200 6.3.1.2.1 Measuring Energy Expenditure......Page 203 6.3.1.3 P edometers......Page 204 6.3.1.4 Accelerometers......Page 206 6.3.1.5 Combined Approaches and New Devices......Page 211 6.3.2 Subjective Approaches......Page 212 6.3.2.1 D irect Observation......Page 213 6.3.2.3 P hysical Activity Questionnaires......Page 214 6.3.2.4 S elf- Report Physical Activity Questionnaires......Page 216 6.4 Conclusions......Page 217 References......Page 218 7.1 Introduction......Page 226 7.2.1 Cardiorespiratory and Endurance Genes......Page 227 7.2.2 Muscle Growth and Repair Genes......Page 228 7.2.3 Pain Relief Genes......Page 229 7.2.4 Fracture Repair Genes......Page 230 7.3 Molecular and Epigenetic Changes during Exercise......Page 231 7.4 Implications for Nutritional Assessment......Page 233 7.5 Gene Transfer and Potential Applications in the Field of Sports Nutrition......Page 234 7.6 Gene " Doping" and Its Detection......Page 235 References......Page 237 Section IV Biochemical Assessment of Athletes......Page 246 8.1 Introduction......Page 248 8.2.1 Dietary Lipids......Page 249 8.2.2 Digestion and Absorption......Page 250 8.2.3 Lipid Transport......Page 251 8.3 Athlete Screening......Page 253 8.3.1 Types of Lipid Disorders......Page 254 8.3.2 Lipid Markers and Norms......Page 255 8.3.3 Screening Process......Page 257 8.4 Lowering Blood Li pids......Page 259 8.6 Future Research Directions......Page 262 References......Page 263 Contents......Page 268 9.1.2 Proteins versus Amino Acids......Page 269 9.1.3 Protein Quality......Page 270 9.1.4 Adaptation to Exercise: Signals, Transcription, and Translation......Page 272 9.2.1.1 Protein Synthesis......Page 273 9.2.1.3 Net Balance......Page 274 9.2.2 Fates of Amino Acids Other than Protein Synthesis......Page 276 9.3 Importance of Energy Balance......Page 277 9.4.1.1.1 Nitrogen Balance......Page 279 9.4.1.1.2 Isotopes in Metabolic Research......Page 280 9.4.1.2.1 3- Methyl- Histidine......Page 282 9.4.1.2.2 Fractional Synthesis Rate......Page 283 9.4.1.2.3 Two- and Three- Pool Models......Page 285 9.4.1.2.5 Components of Skeletal Muscle......Page 287 9.4.2.2 Body Mass and Body Composition......Page 288 9.5.2 Protein Turnover and Endurance Exercise......Page 289 9.5.3 Timing of Protein Intake......Page 290 9.6 Protein Requirements......Page 291 9.7.2 Aging......Page 292 9.8 Future Directions......Page 293 References......Page 294 10.1 Introduction......Page 302 10.2.2 Vitamin Bioavailability, Active Forms, and Storage......Page 303 10.3 Assessment Guidelines and Considerations......Page 313 10.4 Assessment Methods......Page 317 10.5 Future Research......Page 318 References......Page 319 Contents......Page 324 11.1 Introduction......Page 325 11.1.2 B iochemical Measures......Page 326 11.1.2.2 Sample Contamination......Page 327 11.2 Calcium......Page 328 11.2.1.3 U rinary Calcium Excretion......Page 329 11.2.1.4 Calcium Reference Intervals and Data from Athletes......Page 330 11.3.1 M ethods for Assessment of Chr omium Status......Page 331 11.4 Copper......Page 332 11.4.1.2 Ceruloplasmin......Page 333 11.4.1.4 Cytochrome c Oxidase......Page 334 11.4.1.5 Copper Reference Intervals and Data from Athletes......Page 335 11.5.1.2 Ferritin......Page 336 11.5.1.4 Soluble Transferrin Receptor......Page 337 11.5.1.6 Iron Reference Intervals and Data from Athletes......Page 338 11.6.1 Methods for Assessment of Magnesium Status......Page 339 11.6.1.4 B lood Cells......Page 340 11.7 Phosphorus......Page 341 11.7.1.1 P hosphorus Reference Intervals and Data from Phosphate Supplementation Trials......Page 342 11.8.1.2 Zinc- Containing Enzymes......Page 343 11.9 Inflammation and Mineral Status......Page 344 11.10 Future Research Needs......Page 345 Note......Page 346 References......Page 347 12.1 Introduction......Page 354 12.2.1 The Eff ects of Hypohydration on Thermoregulatory and Card iovascular Function......Page 355 12.2.2 The Effect of Hypohydration on Exercise Performance......Page 356 12.2.3 Hydration and Health......Page 357 12.3 Assessment of Hydration Status......Page 358 12.3.1 Body Mass Changes......Page 361 12.3.2.1 Urine Specific Gravity......Page 362 12.3.2.3 Urine Color......Page 363 12.3.2.5 Interpretation of Urinary Indices......Page 364 12.3.3 Hematological Indices......Page 365 12.3.5 T otal Body Water Assessment......Page 366 12.4.1 Sweat Rate Assessment......Page 367 12.4.2 Sweat Composition Assessment......Page 371 12.5 Recommendations for Fluid Intake......Page 372 12.5.2 Fluid Replacement during Exercise......Page 373 12.5.3 Postexercise Fluid Replacement......Page 375 12.6 Conclusions and Future Di rections......Page 377 12.7 Practical Recommendations......Page 378 References......Page 379 Section V Clinical Assessment of Athletes......Page 388 Contents......Page 390 13.2 Nutritional Status......Page 391 13.2.2 Physical Examination......Page 392 13.3.1.1 Competitive Athletes......Page 393 13.3.2 Physical Examination......Page 395 13.3.8.1 Competitive Athletes......Page 397 13.3.8.2 S edentary and Elderly Athletes......Page 398 13.3.5 M icronutrient Levels......Page 396 13.3.10.1 Strength......Page 399 13.4.1 Eligibility Recommendations for Competitive Athletes......Page 400 13.4.4 Asthma......Page 401 13.4.8 Anemia......Page 402 References......Page 403 Evaluating dietary intake, determining energy metabolism, and conducting other nutritional assessments are essential in understanding the relationships between diet, exercise, health, and physical performance. Several methods exist, each with their own advantages and limitations. In one comprehensive, fully referenced source, Nutritional Assessment of Athletes examines these methods, presenting tables and figures with normal values in order to compare data. Professionals will be able to conduct essentially all nutritional assessments without referring to additional sources. This book will aid in a better understanding of the relationship not only between diet and health, but also between diet and physical status of athletes. "Evaluating dietary intake, determining energy metabolism, and conducting other nutritional assessments are essential in understanding the relationships between diet, exercise, health, and physical performance, especially in athletes. Several methods exist, each with their own advantages and limitations. Extensively referenced and filled with numerous tables and figures, this timely book focuses on the nutritional assessment of both recreational and professional athletes, including children, adolescents, and adults. In one volume, it presents methods for all types of nutritional evaluations, including dietary, anthropometric, physical activity needs, biochemical, and clinical assessments"--Provided by publisher