Nutritional and Clinical Management of Chronic Conditions and Diseases

Nutritional status is recognized as a major determinant in health and disease. Effective treatment of chronic conditions such as obesity or of diseases of the skin requires the integration of clinical and nutritional management. Nutritional and Clinical Management of Chronic Conditions and Diseases, like its predecessor, Nutritional Aspects and Clinical Management of Chronic Disorders and Diseases, is a comprehensive reference that helps clinicians successfully integrate nutritional management with clinical care. The book begins by discussing childhood obesity, adult obesity, and bariatric surgery. It then addresses nutritional concerns for the elderly, food allergies, and the nutritional and clinical management of pregnancy and lactation. A chapter also guides the clinician in facilitating and reinforcing patient behavior as well as behavioral changes with regard to food intake and diet. The second part of the book explains the nutritional management of specific disease conditions. Descriptions of genetic diseases and the management of errors of metabolism are followed by chapters on the immune system, chronic oral diseases, dermatology, upper gastrointestinal cancer, and of the cachexia of chronic illness. These chapters are characterized by detailed analyses of mechanisms. Written by experts that treat patients in a clinical setting, Nutritional and Clinical Management of Chronic Conditions and Diseases translates research results into practical approaches that allow the clinician to correlate nutrition with health. Front cover......Page 1 Preface......Page 6 The Editor......Page 12 Contributors......Page 14 Contents......Page 16 Childhood Obesity......Page 18 1.1 Introduction......Page 19 1.3.1 Critical Growth Periods......Page 20 1.3.2 Impact of Food and Diet......Page 21 1.3.4 Increased Sedentary Behaviors......Page 22 1.3.5 Genetics......Page 23 1.3.7 Psychologic Factors......Page 24 1.4.1 Hyperlipidemia/Cardiac Risk......Page 25 1.4.2 Type 2 Diabetes/Glucose Intolerance......Page 26 1.4.5 Metabolic Syndrome......Page 27 1.4.7 Sleep Apnea......Page 28 1.4.11 Psychiatric Conditions......Page 29 1.5.3 History and Physical Examination......Page 30 1.5.4 Referral Considerations......Page 32 1.6.1 General Considerations......Page 33 1.6.3 Physical Activity......Page 34 1.6.5 Nutrition......Page 35 1.6.5.4 Moderate-Fat Diet......Page 36 1.6.5.8 Protein-Sparing Modified Fast......Page 37 1.6.6.3 Octreotide......Page 38 1.6.7 Weight Loss Surgery......Page 39 1.6.8 Hazards of Weight Loss......Page 40 1.7 Conclusions and Future Directions......Page 41 References......Page 42 2.1 Introduction......Page 52 2.2 Defining Success......Page 54 2.3 The Genetics of Obesity......Page 55 2.4 Environmental and Dietary Influences......Page 57 2.5 The Neurobiology of Food Intake and Weight Control......Page 60 2.6 Approach to the Patient......Page 61 2.7 Special Considerations......Page 68 2.8 Dietary Options......Page 72 2.8.1 High-Protein Diets......Page 73 2.8.2 Low-Fat Diets......Page 75 2.8.3 Moderate Diets......Page 76 2.8.4 Convenience Diets......Page 77 2.9 Pharmacologic Therapy......Page 78 2.10 Future Advances......Page 79 References......Page 80 3.1 Introduction......Page 88 3.2 How Surgery Works in Achieving Weight Loss......Page 89 3.4 Candidates for Surgery......Page 90 3.6 Preoperative Assessment and Management of Comorbidities......Page 91 3.7 Preoperative Screening......Page 92 3.8 Perioperative Use of Medication......Page 93 3.9.1 Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass......Page 94 3.9.2 Vertical Banded Gastroplasty......Page 95 3.9.3 Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding......Page 96 3.9.4 Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch......Page 97 3.10 Conclusion......Page 99 References......Page 100 4.1 Introduction......Page 104 4.3 Modified Food Guide for the Elderly......Page 105 4.4 Nutrition Assessment and Screening in the Elderly......Page 107 4.5 Obesity and the Elderly......Page 110 4.6 Aging and Immune Function......Page 111 4.7 Undernutrition and the Role of Nutritional Supplements in the Elderly......Page 112 4.8 Sarcopenia and the Elderly......Page 113 References......Page 115 5.1 Introduction......Page 120 5.2 The Normal Immune Response......Page 121 5.3 The Allergic Response......Page 123 5.4 Allergic Diseases......Page 124 5.7 Food Allergens......Page 126 5.8.1 IgE-Mediated Allergic Diseases......Page 128 5.8.2 Non-IgE-Mediated Allergic Diseases......Page 130 5.9 Nonallergic Immunologic Diseases Associated with Food Intolerance......Page 131 5.11 Food Additives......Page 132 5.12 Diagnosis of Food Allergy......Page 133 5.13 Treatment......Page 135 5.15.2 Inappropriate Diagnostic Procedures......Page 136 5.15.3 Unproven Therapies......Page 137 References......Page 138 Nutritional Considerations in the Management of Pregnancy and Lactation......Page 142 6.1 Introduction......Page 143 6.2.2 Calories and Body Mass Index......Page 144 6.2.3 Folic Acid......Page 146 6.2.5 Iron......Page 148 6.3.2 Weight Gain......Page 149 6.3.4 Calcium......Page 152 6.4.2.1 Salmonella......Page 153 6.4.3.2 Caffeine......Page 154 6.5 Nutritional Considerations in the Management of Lactation......Page 155 6.5.1 Nutritional Requirements......Page 156 6.5.3 Fluids......Page 157 6.5.5 Weight Loss During Lactation......Page 158 6.5.6 Calcium......Page 159 6.5.8.2 Caffeine......Page 160 References......Page 161 7.1 Introduction......Page 166 7.2 Behavioral Challenges: Patient Adherence and the Role of Clinicians in Nutritional Management......Page 167 7.3.1 Applied Behavior Analysis......Page 169 7.3.2 Social Cognitive Theory......Page 171 7.3.3 The Transtheoretical Model......Page 172 7.4.1 Antecedent Interventions: Advice, Counseling, and Education......Page 173 7.4.2 Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention Programs......Page 176 7.6 Conclusions and Future Research......Page 178 References......Page 180 8.1 Introduction......Page 184 8.2 Phenylketonuria......Page 185 8.2.1 NIH Treatment Guidelines......Page 187 8.4 Galactosemia......Page 188 8.5 Biotinidase......Page 189 8.7 Maple Syrup Urine Disease......Page 190 8.8 Urea Cycle Defects......Page 191 References......Page 192 9.1 Introduction......Page 198 9.3 Protein-Energy Malnutrition and Deficiencies of Individual Nutrients......Page 199 9.4 Low Birth Weight Infants......Page 200 9.5 Adolescents......Page 201 9.6 Elderly......Page 202 9.9.1 Children......Page 203 References......Page 204 10.1 Introduction......Page 206 10.2 Oral Mucosal Disease......Page 207 10.3 Periodontal Diseases......Page 208 10.4.1 Changing Prevalence and Populations Affected......Page 210 10.4.3 Evidence on the Infectious Nature of Caries......Page 211 10.4.4 Evidence from the Literature on Dietary Correlates of Caries......Page 215 10.4.5 Relationships Between Virulence of the Mutans Streptococci and Fermentable Carbohydrates, Especially Sucrose......Page 216 10.4.6 Randomized Clinical Trials to Inhibit Caries......Page 218 10.5 Nutritional Consequences of Edentulous Status......Page 219 References......Page 220 Dermatology and Nutrition......Page 228 11.1 Introduction: The Role of Nutrition in Dermatology......Page 229 11.2.2 Nutritional Aspects......Page 231 11.3.2 Nutritional Aspects......Page 236 11.4.2 Nutritional Aspects......Page 240 11.5.1 Description of Psoriasis......Page 244 11.5.2 Nutritional Aspects......Page 245 11.6.1 Description of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer and Melanoma......Page 249 11.6.2.2 Dietary Fat and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer......Page 250 11.6.2.4 Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer......Page 252 11.6.2.6 Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Melanoma......Page 253 11.6.2.8 Vitamin D and Melanoma......Page 254 11.6.2.11 Synergy......Page 255 11.6.2.14 Botanicals......Page 256 References......Page 257 12.1 Introduction......Page 268 12.2.1 Brief Summary of Esophageal Cancer......Page 269 12.2.2 Dietary Issues Linked to Cancer Incidence......Page 270 12.2.3 Risk Factors for Malnutrition......Page 271 12.3.1 Brief Summary of Gastric Cancer......Page 272 12.3.2 Dietary Issues Linked to Cancer Incidence......Page 273 12.3.4 Nutritional Management in the Gastric Cancer Patient......Page 274 12.4.1 Brief Summary of Pancreatic Cancer......Page 275 12.4.3 Risk Factors for Malnutrition......Page 276 12.4.4 Nutritional Management of the Pancreatic Cancer Patient......Page 277 References......Page 278 13.1 Introduction......Page 282 13.3 Semistarvation vs. Inflammation in the Genesis of Cachexia......Page 283 13.4 The Inflammatory Response......Page 284 13.5 Cachexia in Chronic Illness......Page 286 13.6 Diagnosis and Monitoring......Page 287 13.7 Treatment......Page 288 13.8 Research Findings......Page 290 13.9 Summary......Page 291 References......Page 292 C......Page 294 D......Page 295 I......Page 296 P......Page 297 U......Page 298 Y......Page 299 Written by researchers experienced in treating patients in a clinical setting, and presenting up-to-date research results translated into practical medical information, this book provides an expanded look at nutritional aspects of managing chronic disorders and diseases Childhood overweight is quickly emerging as the most important public health issue facing young people.