Nutrition and Functional Foods in Boosting Digestion, Metabolism and Immune Health

Nutrition and Functional Foods in Boosting Digestion, Metabolism and Immune Health explores the role of appropriate nutrition and digestive enzymes in healthy digestion. The book addresses salient gastrointestinal features involved in healthy digestion pathophysiology, including coverage of the enzyme-microbiome connection and linkage, features of indigestion problems, roles of traditional and conventional ethnic foods, structurally diverse digestive enzymes, drugs, nutraceuticals and novel digestive formulations. In addition, the book addresses technological breakthroughs that have led to recent, novel discoveries and outlines nutritional guidelines and recommendations to achieve healthy digestion. This book is a useful resource for nutrition researchers, nutritionists, physicians working in the field of digestive health, pharmacists, food experts, health professionals, nurses and general practitioners, public health officials and those teaching or studying related fields. Provides coverage of digestion, human physiology and the enzyme-microbiome linkage Covers indigestion problems, including gut dysbiosis and its role in chronic disease Addresses traditional and conventional ethic foods Discusses digestive enzymes, as well as digestive drugs, enzymes, nutraceuticals and novel formulations Front Cover NUTRITION AND FUNCTIONAL FOODS IN BOOSTING DIGESTION, METABOLISM AND IMMUNE HEALTH Copyright Dedication Contents Contributors Preface A - Introduction 1 - Chemistry and mechanism of the diseases caused by digestive disorders Introduction Methods Chemistry behind human digestive system and digestive disorders Celiac disease Nonceliac gluten sensitivity Crohn's disease Gaucher disease Ulcer Lactose intolerance Valinemia Propionic acidemia Maple syrup urine disease Irritable bowel syndrome Barrett's esophagus Conclusion Acknowledgment References 2 - Current trend in the pharmacotherapy of digestive disorders Introduction Pharmacotherapy of peptic ulcer diseases Proton pump (H+/K+ ATPase) inhibitors Prostaglandins Histamine H2-receptor antagonists Muscarinic receptor antagonists Mucosal coating agents Pharmacotherapy of gastroeosphageal reflux Acid controllers Proton pump inhibitors Potassium competitive acid blockers Neutralization of the acid pocket Reflux inhibitors Enhancing esophageal clearance and defensive properties Prokinetics Mucosal protection Pharmacotherapy of constipation and diarrhea Constipation Diarrhea Pharmacotherapy of irritable bowel syndrome Pharmacotherapy of hemorrhoids Pharmacotherapy of disorders of the pancreas Pharmacotherapy of inflammatory bowel disease Conclusions References Further reading 3 - Food derived ACE inhibitory peptides: science to application Introduction Production of bioactive peptides Chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis Microbial fermentation Peptide transport systems ACE inhibitory behavior of milk fermented by Lactobacillus Functionality of bioactive peptides Applications of ACE inhibitory peptides for the management of health problems Antihypertensive peptides and cardiovascular diseases Immunomodulatory peptides in combination with ACE inhibition Functionalization of food products Limitations and challenges Future perspectives References 4 - Age- and obesity-related metabolic changes and their impact on the incidence of digestion, metabolism, and immu ... Introduction Impaired digestion and metabolism Osteoporosis and its links with obesity The obesity paradox and osteoporosis The link between diabetes and osteoporosis Conclusions References B - Digestion, human physiology and enzyme-microbiome linkage 5 - Digestion and immune health Introduction The immune system and digestive tract Structure of digestive tract and its immune system Digestion and enteric nervous system Impairment of digestion Dietary habit Food intolerances GI anaphylaxis Allergic eosinophilic esophagitis Food protein enteropathy and food protein enterocolitis/proctitis Oral allergy syndrome Leaky gut syndrome Lactose intolerance Interaction of digestive and immune systems Regulatory T cells Peripherally induced regulatory T cells Toll-like receptors Digestion and immune health in normal well beings and diseases Cancers Colitis Conclusion References 6 - Influence of diet on gastrointestinal immunology Introduction Immune cells at the gastrointestinal border Influence of gut microbiota on immune system of gastrointestinal tract Role of diet in immune homeostasis of the gut Diet related dysbiosis and inflammatory diseases Immunonutrition in the treatment of dysbiosis-related diseases Concluding remarks References 7 - Immune dysregulation in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis Introduction to the spectrum of NAFLD Molecular pathology of NASH Liver damage and immune activation Extrahepatic factors triggering inflammation in NASH Innate immunity and NASH Adaptive immunity and NASH Therapeutic interventions to control inflammation in NASH Conclusion References Further reading 8 - Digestion and inflammatory responses Introduction Digestive system Physiology of digestion Pathological condition Impact of inflammation in pathological condition Implication of inflammation in digestion Conclusion References 9 - Digestion and gut microbiome Introduction Digestion Digestive activities in the GI tract Digestive enzymes Digestion by saliva Protein and fat digestion The pancreas: factory for digestive enzymes Bile salts support in digestion of fat The enzyme–microbiome linkage Gut microbiome Biodiversity of gut microbiota Effect of antibiotics on gut microbiota Effect of loss of gut microbiota Gut microbiome and digestive enzymes Gut microbiome and SARS-CoV-2 Metabolic diseases related to digestive enzyme defects Gut microbiome and digestive enzymes Fatty liver Dysbiosis Type I diabetes mellitus Type II diabetes mellitus Obesity How defective digestive enzymes/altered gut microbiome affects immune health Digestive enzymes as supplements to boost immune health/gut microbiota Conclusion References 10 - Hyperlipidemia in cardiovascular health and digestion Introduction Lipases Pancreatic lipase Lipoprotein lipase Hepatic lipase Endothelial lipase Therapeutic use of digestive (pancreatic) lipase preparations Inhibition of lipase activity—control of infection and management of obesity Antimicrobial action Antiobesity effect Stimulation of lipase activity Conclusion References Further reading 11 - Role of food structure in digestion and health Introduction Food as colloid Food as emulsion Association of food structure to sensory reception Association of food structure to digestion and health General food digestion process Oral digestion Gastric digestion Intestinal digestion Properties of food influencing digestion process Biochemical disintegration is determined by chemistry of food matrix Food transit in GI tract is regulated by food structure Mass transfer process determined by food structure Release of nutrients and Its bioavailability during digestion Role of food structure in lipid digestion Interaction of starch in food material and digestion Structure of starch Physicochemical properties of starch Starch—lipid interaction Digestibility of starch Behavior of protein in food matrix Protein interaction Bioactive peptides as functional food and their bioavailability Food matrix—peptide interaction Role of food structure on bioavailability of microcomponents Carotenes Lycopene Folate Polyphenols Antioxidants Modulation of food structure to improve digestion and health promoting behavior of food Effect of protein structuring, composition, and source on digestion Effect of emulsion structure in lipid digestion Association of RDS, SDS, and RS on efficient digestion and health benefits Conclusion Acknowledgments References Further reading 12 - High-fat diet and constipation Introduction High-fat diet is a risk for functional constipation in children High dietary saturated fat intake and constipation HFD-induced constipation in mice Role of mucus in the pathogenesis of constipation Role of microbiota in HFD-induced constipation Conclusion References 13 - Effect of functional food ingredients on nutrient absorption and digestion Introduction Dietary fiber Phytosterols Polyphenolic compounds Glucosinolates Phytic acid Medium-chain triglycerides Soy proteins References C - Indigestion problems 14 - Impact of helicobacter pylori on human physiology and digestive disorders Introduction Epidemiology Effect of H. pylori on human physiology Effect of H. pylori on digestive disorders Gastro-duodenal ulcer Gastric cancer MALT lymphoma Dyspepsia Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease Barrett's esophagus Esophageal adenocarcinoma Eosinophilic esophagitis Inflammatory bowel disease Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Celiac disease Iron deficiency anemia Conclusions References D - Traditional and conventional ethnic foods 15 - Role of turmeric and cinnamon spices in digestive, metabolic, and immune systems Introduction Turmeric: a brief overview Benefits of turmeric for stomach problems/digestive disorder Dyspepsia Irritable bowel diseases Effects of turmeric on the metabolism Turmeric as immune booster Cinnamon: an overview Major chemical constituents Effect of cinnamon on digestive system and metabolic disorder Immunomodulatory effect of cinnamon Summary References Further reading 16 - Ayurvedic digestion recipes—Jal Jeera and Churan Introduction Concept and practice of wholesome food (pathya) in ayurveda Use of digestives in traditional practices and Ayurveda Healthy and refreshing Jal jeera Preparation of Jal jeera Method of preparation of Jal Jeera Jal jeera churan (dry powder) and other popular forms Health benefits of Jal jeera and Churan Other popular digestive nutraceuticals containing Jal jeera components Salted ginger Hing golis Tamarind golis Amla pachak papad Amla patties Sol kadhi/Kokum kadhi Spicy rasam Pharmacological profile of common ingredients of Jal jeera Ayurvedic profile Experimental evidences on modulation of digestion and metabolism by the common ingredients of jal jeera Cumin seeds (Cuminum cyminum L.) Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida L.) Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Mint leaves (Mentha piperita L. and Mentha spicata L.) Conclusion References 17 - Kimchi and other fermented foods for gastrointestinal health Introduction Kimchi Doenjang and Cheonggukjang Other fermented products Fermentation methods Lactic acid bacteria and their functional properties in Korean fermented food Lactic acid bacteria Kimchi Doenjang Cheonggukjang Functional properties Health benefits of Kimchi, Doenjang, and Cheonggukjang Kimchi Doenjang Cheonggukjang Korean fermented food for gastrointestinal health Gut microbiota Clinical evidence Quality and safety control Conclusion Method statement References 18 - Pyroglutamyl peptides in Japanese fermented foods and protein hydrolysate enhance production of host-antimicro ... Introduction Traditional Japanese seasonings Generation of pyroglutamyl peptides Effects of pyroglutamyl peptides on gut microbiota and colitis Mechanism of effect of pyroGlu-Leu on gut microbiota Impact of Japanese foods and protein hydrolysate on gut microbiota References 19 - Jackfruit and its beneficial effects in boosting digestion and immune-enhancing properties Introduction Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam) Morphology Nutrition value and chemical composition Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Secondary metabolites Minerals and vitamins Therapeutic values of jackfruit Dietary fibers of jackfruit/seeds helps in digestion Jackfruit extract inhibits hemoglobin glycation and protects internal organs Low glycemic index by jackfruit could be due to the presence of antioxidants such as vitamin C, β-carotene, and lycopene Immunomodulatory effect of jackfruit could be due to the presence of lectins Jacalin Artin M (KM+/artocarpin) Immunomodulatory role of Jacalin and Artin M Jacalin and Artin M from jackfruit prevent many infectious diseases and fight against cancerous and tumorous cell prolifera ... Jacalin inhibits viral infections by inducing the activity of cytotoxic immune cells Jacalin exhibits anticancer activity by binding to T-antigen of cancerous cells and inhibits the growth of cancer cells Artin M provides the protection against wide range of fungal pathogens by stimulating proinflammatory cytokines Oligopeptides from jackfruit and seed regulate immune response by stimulating T-helper cell, cytokine secretion, and antibo ... Conclusion References 20 - Combatting chronic metabolic disorders and delaying aging by improving glucose-insulin metabolism and fat accu ... Introduction Historical perspective More evidence that surplus dietary refined carbohydrates, fats, and calories cause serious metabolic perturbations Detailing dietary constituents IR and FM accumulation during continuum of risks period Paradox of aging Therapeutic interventions to maintain an optimal-working glucose–insulin system over a lifespan Diet Kidney—SGLT2 inhibitors Gastrointestinal tract—CHO blockers Other potential carb blocker References E - Digestive enzymes 21 - Efficacy of N-SORB, a proprietary KD120 MEC metabolically activated enzyme formulation in digestion: a randomi ... Introduction Materials and methods Clinical investigation layout Recruitment of subjects, allocation, and drop-outs The KD120 MEC prodosomed multienzyme complex First visit and initial screening Determination of lean, fat, and bone mineral mass Hematological and serum cytokine analyses Pittsburg sleep quality index and quality of life Adverse events Recording of compliance Statistical analysis Independent case studies Results Clinical investigation Body composition analyses Hematological parameters, blood pressure, and cytokine levels Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and WHO quality of life-BREF assessment Independent case studies Discussion Conflict of interests and funding References F - Digestive drugs, nutraceuticals and novel formulations 22 - Fat-soluble vitamins: the key role players in immunomodulation and digestion Introduction An overview on immunity Common sources and biochemical characteristics of fat-soluble vitamins Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Various effects on immunomodulatory functions Role of vitamin A Effects on development of lymphoid tissue Role in lymphocyte maturation and differentiation Balancing action on immune response Role in the maturation of different lymphocytes Effects on B cell maturation and antibody production Effects on innate immunity Role of vitamin D Role in maturation and protection of immune responsive cells Effects on innate immunity Modulation of the inflammatory response Dynamic effects on immune functions Preventive actions against autoimmune diseases Protection against inflammatory bowel diseases Role of vitamin E Antioxidant property and improvement of immunity Effects on intracellular signaling Effects on T cell activity and adaptive immunity Antiinflammatory effects Role of vitamin K Effects on complement activation Antiinflammatory effects Concluding remarks References 23 - Health benefits of inulin-type fructan on gut microbiome, digestive health, immunity, and nutrition Introduction Inulin-type fructan Fermentation of inulin-type fructan by intestinal bacteria Nutritional function of inulin-type fructan Effect on the intestinal environment Effect of inulin-type fructan on blood glucose, lipid, blood pressure, and appetite Effect on the immune system Summary References 24 - Gut health benefits of licorice and its flavonoids as dietary supplements Significance of licorice for gut health in traditional systems of medicine India, China and Europe Monographs on licorice Key chemical constituents of licorice Scientific classification Morphology of G. glabra Phytochemistry and bioactive compounds Use of licorice in dietary supplements Deglycyrrhizinated licorice for gut health Key issues with classical deglycyrrhizinated products Preclinical data on gut health benefits of licorice: biological activities of licorice flavonoids Licorice as a prebiotic for the homeostasis of gastrointestinal microbiota Effects of licorice on pathogenic/beneficial organisms from oral cavity to colon Benefits of combining probiotics with licorice Combination of licorice with probiotics and its effects on human and animals health Effects of licorice with probiotics in food and beverages Products containing licorice with probiotics in the market for gut health (Fig. 24.5) Clinical summary of licorice containing supplements for gut health Regulatory and safety considerations Safety of licorice Conclusion References 25 - Prebiotics and probiotics in prevention of food allergy Introduction Fetal immunity responses to prebiotics and probiotics Probiotics Criteria for probiotics Probiotic microbes Lactobacillus Bifidobacteria Saccharomyces boulardii Streptococcus thermophilus Enterococcus faecium Leuconostoc Sources of probiotics Food Dietary supplements Chocolate Commercially available nondairy based probiotic products Fruit and vegetables as probiotic product Cereals as probiotic product Probiotics—mechanism of action Prebiotics Types of prebiotics Fructans Galactooligosaccharides Starch and glucose-derived oligosaccharides Other oligosaccharides Noncarbohydrate oligosaccharides Types of prebiotics β-glucan FOS, oligofructose, and inulin Galactooligosaccharide Isomaltooligosaccharides Guar gum Lactulose Resistant starches and maltodextrin Xylooligosaccharides Prebiotics—mode of action Food allergy Global scenario of food allergy Childhood food allergy Adult food allergy Causes and clinical symptoms of food allergy Gut microbiome and food allergy relation Prevention of food allergy by probiotics Role of probiotics in the treatment of food allergy—case studies Role of prebiotics in preventing food allergy Conclusion References Further reading 26 - Nutraceutical and phytopharmaceuticals in immune health Introduction Food plants as a source for nutraceuticals Curcuma longa, the Asian gold Punica granatum, the divine fruit Moringa oleifera, the miracle tree Immunomodulatory potential of phytochemicals Immunomodulatory properties of Curcuma longa Immunomodulatory properties of Punica granatum Immunomodulatory properties of Moringa oleifera Digestion and bioavailability of bioactive phytochemicals derived from Curcuma longa, Moringa oleifera, and Punica granatum Curcumin available to body tissues Bioavailability of pomegranate-derived components Bioavailability of Moringa oleifera phytochemicals Retention of immunomodulatory effects by metabolites following passage through the gastrointestinal tract Conclusion References 27 - Nutraceuticals in digestive therapy Introduction The relationship of digestive tract and health: genetic, gut–brain axis, diet, environment, and lifestyle (Fig. 27.1) The gut microbiota and gut barrier Lifestyle, environment, and type of diet Human genetic variation Gut–brain axis Summary Digestive health and food bioactives Inflammatory bowel disease Anthocyanins Proanthocyanidins Curcumin Сatechins Ellagic acid Gallic acid Resveratrol Irritable bowel syndrome Intestinal permeability Functional dyspepsia The motility of the gastrointestinal tract Cancer H. pylori infection Berry, fruits, and vegetables Herbs Phytocomponents Summary Conclusion References 28 - Role of probiotics and prebiotics in digestion, metabolism, and immunity Introduction Development of human microbiota Probiotics and prebiotics in digestion Antibiotic-associated diarrhea Inflammatory bowel disease Ulcerative colitis Crohn's disease Irritable bowel syndrome Lactose intolerance Constipation Probiotics and prebiotics in metabolism Catabolism of carbohydrate Diabetes mellitus Protein metabolism Lipid metabolism Bile acid metabolism Vitamin synthesis Vitamin B1 Vitamin B2 Vitamin B3 Vitamin B5 Vitamin B6 Vitamin B7 Vitamin B9 Vitamin B12 Probiotics and prebiotics in immunity Secretion of antimicrobial substances Compete for the adhesion sites and nutritional sources Enhancement of intestinal barrier function Role of probiotics and prebiotics in immunomodulation Safety of probiotics and prebiotics Conclusion References 29 - Edible insects and gut health Introduction Insect components for gut health Effect of insect components on human gut health Effect of insect components on human health and immunity Consumer behavior and acceptance of edible insects as food Potential risks of entomophagy Future prospective References Commentary: A treatise on digestive health Introduction Digestive disorders Detection strategies Therapeutic interventions Digestive disorder statistics Gastrointestinal disease cost Concluding remarks References Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Back Cover