Nutrition and fitness 1: Obesity, the metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and cancer

Recent studies of vascular biology using molecular biology techniques have started to reveal a previously unsuspected complexity of the vascular responses to nutrients and physical activity, thus explaining at the molecular level how healthy lifestyles interact with human genes and how they affect phenotype expression, even in the case of unfavorable genes. These findings have serious implications, especially in establishing a solid scientific background for preventive strategies: for the advancement of healthy nutrition, physical activity and life habits, a thorough understanding of how drug/diet/gene interactions can act and multiply the beneficial effects of exercise is necessary. This first part of these conference proceedings is of great interest to researchers, physicians, exercise physiologists, geneticists, nutritionists, dietitians, food scientists, policy makers in government, private industry and international organizations, and public health workers worldwide. Cover......Page 1 Contents......Page 10 Conference Organization......Page 13 Preface......Page 15 Background......Page 26 Genetic Variation, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Health......Page 27 Micronutrients......Page 28 Physical Activity......Page 29 Education......Page 30 Declaration......Page 31 References......Page 32 Positive Health: Exploring Relevant Parameters......Page 34 References......Page 46 Definition of Obesity and Previous Criteria of Obesity......Page 48 New Criteria and Classification of Obesity in Japan......Page 49 Differentiation of Pathological Obesity......Page 54 Causes of Obesity in Japan......Page 56 References......Page 58 Exercise and Obesity in China......Page 60 Assessment and Classification of Overweight and Obesity......Page 61 The Prevalence of Obesity Is Lower than in the Developed Countries or Western Societies, but Is Increasing Rapidly......Page 63 District Differences:Higher in the North than the South, and Higher in Urban than in Rural Areas......Page 64 Gender-Related Variation......Page 65 Physical Activity and Weight Control......Page 66 Exercise Prescription for Weight Reduction......Page 68 Exercise Strategy for Weight Reduction......Page 69 References......Page 71 Prevalence......Page 74 Prevention......Page 76 References......Page 80 Methods......Page 83 Change in PA from Adolescence to Adulthood......Page 84 Tracking of PA from Adolescence to Adulthood......Page 85 Conclusions......Page 86 References......Page 87 Adolescent Obesity and Physical Activity......Page 89 Results......Page 90 Discussion......Page 93 References......Page 96 Methods......Page 98 Results......Page 99 Discussion......Page 104 References......Page 105 Physical Activity and Body Composition......Page 107 Methods to Assess Body Composition......Page 108 Body Composition and Physical Activity......Page 110 Body Composition and Aging......Page 111 Conclusions......Page 112 References......Page 113 Syndrome X: Clinical Aspects......Page 115 Proposed Predisposing Factors......Page 117 Management......Page 118 References......Page 119 Metabolic Syndrome: Is There a Pathophysiological Common Denominator?......Page 122 Hyperinsulinemia......Page 123 11beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase......Page 124 Conclusions......Page 126 References......Page 127 Lifestyle-Gene-Drug Interactions in Relation to the Metabolic Syndrome......Page 131 Obesity – A Matter of Dietary Fat?......Page 132 The Link between Gene Polymorphisms and Dietary Lipid: Example of an Interaction......Page 133 Dietary Fat Prof ile: Heterogeneity of Individual Responses......Page 134 Metabolic Balance – Energy Expenditure Is Important......Page 138 References......Page 140 Genetic Modulation of Cardiovascular Risk......Page 143 Gene-Environment Impact on Fibrinogen......Page 145 The European Gradient of Myocardial Infarction Mortality as a Model of Gene-Environment Interaction......Page 146 Gene Environment Impact on Coagulation Factor VII......Page 147 Acknowledgements......Page 149 References......Page 150 Nutrients, Physical Activity and Gene Expression......Page 154 Fatty Acids and Gene Expression during Exercise......Page 155 Carbohydrates and Gene Expression during Exercise......Page 156 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids......Page 158 Finer Roles for Specific Fatty Acids: The Inhibition of Endothelial Activation by Unsaturated Fatty Acids......Page 160 Interaction between Omega
3/Omega
6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and the Genome: Fatty Acid Intake, 5-Lipoxygenase and Atherosclerosis – An Example of Nutrigenetics......Page 161 Conclusions......Page 163 References......Page 164 Physical Activity and Hypertension: An Overview......Page 167 Aerobic Physical Activity for Primary Prevention of Hypertension......Page 168 Aerobic Physical Activity for Management of Hypertension......Page 171 Conclusions......Page 173 References......Page 174 Omega–3 Fatty Acids and Ventricular Arrhythmias......Page 176 Evidence of Antiarrythmic Effects of omega–3 Fish Oil Fatty Acids in Humans......Page 183 Acknowledgements......Page 184 References......Page 185 A Method for the Direct Evaluation of the Fatty Acid Status in a Drop of Blood from a Fingertip in Humans......Page 186 Results and Discussion......Page 187 Conclusions......Page 189 References......Page 190 Measurement Error in the Assessment of Interaction between Dietary and Genetic Factors in Cohort Studies of Cancer......Page 191 Gene Environment Interactions in Nutritional Epidemiology......Page 192 Types of Biological Markers......Page 193 24-Hour Urine Nitrogen and Potassium......Page 194 Calibration......Page 195 Future Work......Page 196 References......Page 197 Cancer Frequency in Poor Rural Communities Consuming a Very Limited Diet......Page 199 Material and Methods......Page 200 The Dietary Transition of the Communities......Page 201 Results on Cancer Pr valence......Page 202 Conclusions......Page 203 References......Page 204 Omega–6/Omega–3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Ratio and Breast Cancer......Page 205 References......Page 210 Fish, omega–3 Polyunsaturated Fat Intake and Cancer at Selected Sites......Page 213 Methods......Page 214 Data Analysis......Page 215 Fish and Cancer Risk......Page 216 omega-3 PUFAs and Cancer Risk......Page 218 Discussion......Page 219 References......Page 220 Breast Cancer......Page 223 Colorectal Cancer......Page 226 Prostate Cancer......Page 227 Nonspecific Effects of Physical Activity on Cancer Prevention......Page 228 Critical Life Time Period for Practicing Increased Physical Activity in order to Reduce Cancer Risk......Page 229 Recommendations and Future Aspects......Page 230 References......Page 231 Author Index......Page 236 C......Page 237 F......Page 238 O......Page 239 P......Page 240 T......Page 241 V......Page 242 Criteria and classification of obesity in Japan and Asia-Oceania / M. Kanazaw ... [et al.] - Exercise and obesity in China / C. Chang Obesity in childhood: the Greek experience / A. Kafatos, C.A. Codrington, M. Linardakis Epidemiology of physical activity from adolescence to young adulthood / D.J. Aaron, Y.S. Jekal, R.E. Laporte Adolescent obesity and physical activity / N. Hwalla, A.M. Sibai, N. Adra Nutrition and physical activity of the population in Serbia / M. Pavlovic, V. Grujic, A. Oshaug Physical activity and body composition / D. Andreoli, A. De Lorenzo Syndrome X: clinical aspects / D. Labadarios Metabolic syndrome: is there a pathophysiological common denominator?: lessons learned from the Pima Indians / P.A. Tataranni Lifestyle-gene-drug interactions in relation to the Metabolic syndrome / L. Storlien ... [et al.] Coronary heart disease, genetics, nutrition and physical activity / M.B. Donati, I. Iacoviello Role of nutrients and physical activity in gene expression / R. De Caterina, R. Madonna Physical activity and hypertension: an overview / G.P. Rontoyannis Omega-3 fatty acids and ventricular arrhythmias / A. Leaf, J.X. Kang, Y.-F. Xiao A method for the direct evaluation of the fatty acid status in a drop of blood from a fingertip in humans: application to population studies and correlations with biological parameters / F. Marangoni, C. Colombo, C. Galli Measurement error in the assessment of interaction between dietary and genetic factors in cohort studies of cancer / S.A. Bingham Cancer frequency in poor rural communities consuming a very limited diet / M. Muñoz Rivera ... [et al.] Omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio and breast cancer / P. Bougnoux, V. Maillard, V. Chajès Fish, [omega]-3 polyunsaturated fat intake and cancer at selected sites / A. Tavani ... [et al.] Cancer risk reduction by physical exercise / A. Willer. Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Nutrition & Fitness, Athens, 2004 reviewed and critiqued the latest scientific info on nutrition & fitness, and determined the influence of nutrition and fitness on chronic diseases, with a view to maximise disease prevention efforts